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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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matter
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all the material around us, anything that has mass and takes up space
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chemistry
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science concerned with the composition structure and properties of matter and chemical changes it undergoes
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Inorganic Chemistry
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study of inorganic matter
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Organic chemistry
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study of organic matter
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Biochemistry
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the study of substances found in biological organisms
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Physical chemistry
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the energy related studies of chemical systems at macro, molecular and sub-molecular scales
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Analytical chemistry
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the analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure
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biochemistry
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specialized area of of chemistry dealing with living organisms and life processes
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element
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pure, cannot be broken down ir decomposed into two or more elements. O2
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compounds
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two or more elements joined in chemical combinations. H2O
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11 major elements in body
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carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen. make up 96% of body. calcium, phosphorus, pottassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium.
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trace element
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15 elements in body making up 0.1%
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atoms
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all matter is composed of small units called atoms. divisible into subatomic particles.
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atomic structure
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protons, neutrons, electrons. most important subatomic particles
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protons
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positive charged make up part of nucleus
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neutrons
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uncharged particles in nucleus
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electrons
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negative charged circle the nucleus
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ATOMIC NUMBER
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the number of protons in an atoms nucleus, it identifies the element
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atomic weight
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protons plus neutrons, mass of a single atom
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energy levels
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number of electrons equal the number of protons in a stable atom
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Bohr model
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electrons exist in rings or shells. each shell represents a diff energy level and contains a certain amount of electrons and determine its stability
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when is an atom chemically inert?
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when it has eight or four pairs of electrons in its outer level
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octet rule
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atoms with fewer or more than eight electrons in outer level will attempt to lose, gain or share electrons to attain stability
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isotopes
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contain the same number of protons but different number of neutrons, have same chemical properties but diff atomic weight
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radioactive isotopes
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unstable isotope undergoes nuclear breakdown and emits nuclear particles and radiation.
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chemical reaction
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interaction btw. 2 or more atoms that occur as a result of activity btw. electronsin outer levels.
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molecule
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two or more atoms joined together
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chemical bond
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reactions that hold atoms together. IONIC and COVALENT
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compound
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atoms of more than one element combine.
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ionic bond
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formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another and the electrostatic force that binds
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ions
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when dissolved in water electrons that are electricly charged by losing or gaining electrons ( Na+, Cl-)
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covalent bonds
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formed by sharing one or more pairs of electrons.
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hydrogen bonds (water)
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weaker, and do not form molecules. require less energy to break and are said to be polar. ( unequal charge)
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3 types of chemical reactions
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synthesis, decomposition, exchange
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synthesis reaction
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results in formation of new bonds and requires energy to form a new product
A+B=AB anino acids combine to form complex proteins |
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decomposition reaction
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complex nutrients are broken down to release energy for cellular function. results in 2 or more simple substances (digestion)
AB---->A+B+energy |
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exchange reactions
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two reactants exchange components and result in 2 new products
AB+CD=AD+CB |
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reversible reactions
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occur in both directions
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catabolism
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metabolic activity, hydrolysis reaction. breaks down large food molecules into smaller units and releases energy
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catabolism end products
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CO2, water and waste. The energy is transfered to ATP for cellular work.
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anabolism
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reactions join simple molecules into more complex molecules through dehydration synthesis using ATP.
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inorganic compounds
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few have carbon atoms and none have C-C or C-H bonds.
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functional groups
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arrangements of atoms around a carbon core
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organic molecules
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have at least one carbon atom and at least 1 C-C or C-H bond. may contain functional groups.
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importance of water
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abundant, polarity allows it to be an effective solvent, transports materials, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization
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why oxygen is required
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to complete decomposition reactions necessary to release energy
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carbon dioxide
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produced as a waste product and maintains body's acid base balance.
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electrolytes
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group of inorganic compounds (acid, base and salts) that break up or dissociate to form ions.
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cations and anions
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positive and negative ions
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acids
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substances that release a hydrogen ion in solution. proton donor. acidicity depends on the number of hydrogen ions released. aid in digestion.
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alkaline compounds or bases
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elements that dissociate to release hydroxide ions. proton acceptors. aids in transportation of gas and waste
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PH scale
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measures acidity or alkalinity. ph of 7 is neutral. lower more acidic. gastric juices btw 1-3. coffee - 5, vinegar -3.
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buffer
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acts as a resevoir for hydrogen atoms to maintain PH levels
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salt
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results from reaction btw. acid and base. forms salt and water in neutralization process.
HCL+NaOH= NaCl+ H2O |
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carbohydrates (carbon, hydrogen and oxygen)
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organic compounds sugar and starch. Monosaccharrides and disaccharides and poly. primary source of energy for body. component of RNA and DNA.
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proteins (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen)
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most abundant organic molecules. complex chainlike. amino acids are the building blocks.
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essential amino acids
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8 amino acids not available in body.
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nonessential amino acid
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12 amino acids made by the body
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4 levels of protein organization
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primary- simple chain
secondary-coiled bent into sheets tertiary- globular shapes quarternary-clusters of chains |
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2 catagories of proteins
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structural-forms structure of body. functional- causes chemical changes
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denatured proteins
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lost shape and funstion due to PH changes. when PH is restired so is the protein (renatured)
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lipids
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important water insoluble, roles include energy, structural, and integral parts of membranes
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triglycerides
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most abundant and most cocentrated cource of energy. (glycerol and fatty acid) formed by dehydration synthesis
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2 types of fatty acids
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saturated and unsaturated
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phospholipids
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one end is water soluble (hydrophilic) and the other is hydrophobic. can join 2 diff chemical environments and form bilayers of membranes. known as a structural lipid.
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peptide bond
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combines coarboxly group of one amino acid to amino group of another
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steroids
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have important structural and functional roles. cholesterol stabalizes cellular structures.
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prostaglandis
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tissue hormones
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ATP
adenosine triphosphate |
transfers energy from one chemical pathway to another.
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water
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50%or more of the adult body and the most abundant compound in the body.
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dye litmus test
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paper will turn blue in the presence of a base and in the presence of an acid.
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fat souluble vitamins
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A- retinal, D- calcium, E- promotes wound healing, K- blood clotting
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