Cla 30 Quiz 8

Front 1

Etymology of "pole"

Back 1

Polos ("axis") /polaris

Front 2

Etymology of "arctic"

Back 2

Arktos = Bear; region where two constellations shaped like bears occur

Front 3

Etymology of "solstice"

Back 3

Solstitium

"Sun-stop"

Especially long day/night; points where the "sun stops"

Front 4

Etymology of "equinox"

Back 4

"Equal night"; especially short day/night, so that the two are almost equal in length

Front 5

Etymology of "tropics"

Back 5

Tropicos = "turning circle"; circle where turning occurs

Tropos = turn

Front 6

Etymology of "zodiac"

Back 6

Zodiakos; zodiac cycle/circle

Zodios; little image/sign

Zoos; animal/image (ex. zoology, protozoan)

Front 7

{aster/astro}

Back 7

Greek; Star

ex. Astronomy, astrology

Front 8

{naut}

Back 8

Sailor

ex. Astronaut

Front 9

{stella}

Back 9

Latin; star

Stellar, constellation

Front 10

{sider}

Back 10

Latin; star

Consider, desire

Front 11

Etymology of "planets"

Back 11

Plauntes

Wandering stars

Front 12

Retrograde motion

Back 12

{retro} = back

{grade/gress} = walk

"Walk-back" motion

Front 13

The Seven Classical Planets

Back 13

Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn

Front 14

Etymology of "Sunday"

Back 14

Classical planet; Sun

Sunday

Front 15

Etymology of "Monday"

Back 15

Classical planet; Moon

Monday

Front 16

Etymology of "Tuesday"

Back 16

Classical planet = Mars/Tiwe

Tuesday

Front 17

Etymology of "Wednesday"

Back 17

Classical planet; Mercury/Woden

Wednesday

Front 18

Etymology of "Thursday"

Back 18

Classical planet; Jupiter/Thor

Thursday

Front 19

Etymology of "Friday"

Back 19

Classical planer; Venus/Fria

Friday

Front 20

Etymology of "Saturday"

Back 20

Classical planet; Saturn

Saturday

Front 21

Luna

Back 21

Moon;

lunacy/lunatic; "moon-sickness" or insanity

lunar; pertaining to the moon

lunate; luante bone in hand shaped like crescent moon

Front 22

Etymology of "crater"

Back 22

Kratos; mixer (mixing bowl for wine)

> Crater

Front 23

Etymology of "cosmos"

Back 23

Koomos = order

Front 24

Etymology of "sphere"

Back 24

Sphaira = "ball"

Front 25

Etymology of "ether"

Back 25

Aithos = bright sky above ordinary air

Aether -> ether -> ethereal

Front 26

Linnaeus; birthplace, century lived

Back 26

Born in 1707 (16th century)

Born in Stenbrohult, Sweden

Developed binomial nomenclature

Front 27

Etymology of "nomenclature"

Back 27

{nomen} = name + {cla/cal} = shout, call

Related to nomenclator, a slave whose job it was to remember the names of other slaves for his master

Front 28

{nomen}

Back 28

name

binomial = two-name

misnomer = incorrect use of a name

nominal = in name only/insignificant

Front 29

{cla/cal}

Back 29

shout, call

council = something called together

calendar = Latin kalendarium; account book, Kalendae; proclaiming day (when loans were due)

Front 30

Linnaeus; contribution to nomenclature

Back 30

Works by Linnaeus are the official beginnings of modern nomenclature

Names he set forth in his works are still used

Established binomial nomenclature: genus + species system

Also established modern hierarchy: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Front 31

Aristotlean nomenclature

Back 31

Genus (family, kin, kind): grouping of species with common features

Definition: Give Genus, then give what makes the species different from others (differentia)

Ex: A triangle (species) is a polygon (genus) with three sides (differentia)

Front 32

Etymology of "Religion"

Back 32

Not clear, but

May have to do with constant re-reading of scripture ({lit})

May have to do with "tying" or "binding fast"

({lig})

Front 33

Etymology of "Scripture"

Back 33

Latin scriptura, writing

Sacred scriptures claim to present the word of God

Front 34

Etymology of "creed"

Back 34

Comes from Latin "credo" = "I believe"

A creed is a formal statement of belief

Front 35

Etymology of "ritual"

Back 35

Comes from Latin "ritualis"<"ritus" = "rite", a ceremonial act or the performance of a ceremonial act

Front 36

Entymology of "theism"

Back 36

Belief in God or Gods

Greek {the(o)} (God) + {ism} (belief)

Front 37

Etymology of "polytheists"

Back 37

Belief in many gods

{Poly} = many + {theo} = God + {ist}

Front 38

Etymology of "monotheists"

Back 38

Belief in one god

{Mono} = one

Front 39

Etymology of "henotheism"

Back 39

Belief in many gods, but worship of only one

{Hen(o)} = one

Front 40

Etymology of "animism"

Back 40

Belief that all natural objects have their own souls

{anim} = soul

Front 41

Etymology of "Christ"

Back 41

Kristos -> "Messiah"/"anointed one"

Refers to practice of anointing kings/rulers for divine tasks when necessary

Front 42

Entymology of "martyr"

Back 42

Martyr < martos, a witness

Martroa = to bear witness, to provide evidence

Modern-day: Martyr = somebody who is punished/dies for their beliefs

Front 43

Quintus Aurelius Symmanchus

Back 43

Tried to stop Rome from converting to Christianity; did not succeed

Ordered the Altar of Victory to be removed from coinage

Nike symbol??

Front 44

Etymology of "Catholic"

Back 44

Catholic = {kata} =down, along, throughout, according to + {olos} = whole

Front 45

Etymology of "catholic"

Back 45

Different meaning than Catholic; defined as "universal," or "all-encompassing"

Front 46

Etymology of "orthodox"

Back 46

{ortho} = straight, upright, correct + {doxa} = opinion

Front 47

Etymology of "pontiff"

Back 47

Pontiff = the Pope

pons {bridge} + fic {to make}

Front 48

Etymology of "bishop"

Back 48

"episcopal" -> overseer

Front 49

Etymology of "dogma"

Back 49

"dogma" -> what is deemed correct

Front 50

Etymology of "bible"

Back 50

"Biblia" -> "holy books"

Front 51

Etymology of "baptism"

Back 51

"Baptismos" -> immerse, bathe, wash, drench

Front 52

Etymology of "angel"

Back 52

"Annelos" -> messenger/envoy

Front 53

Modern binomial nomenclature

Back 53

An organism is identified by: Genus name + species name/epithet

Genus name + species name = a binomen

Front 54

Why Linnaes' Nomenclature was more beneficial

Back 54

Linnaean nomenclature does not require differentiae, and thus saves species names from being long/cumbersome; genus + differentiae polynomials could be very long.

Instead of a description, all that is required is a species epithet.

Front 55

Binomen conventions

Back 55

Written with genus capitalized, species lowercase, all in italics: Genus species

In very formal nomenclature, the date + name of the author of the publication where the species was published are included. Panthera leo Linnaeus, 1758

Usually, the full name of the organism is given once (Eschereria coli), and then abbreviated afterwards (E. coli)

Front 56

Quintessence

Back 56

The substance making up celestial bodies, according to classical/medieval philosophy

Front 57

Quintessence/Ether

Back 57

Aristotle referred to Quintessence using a Greek word which in modern English means "Ether." This caused the two terms to become related.

Front 58

Luminiferous ether

Back 58

The Luminiferous Ether was thought to be the substance that carried light through the Universe. It was disproven by the Michaelson-Morely experiment.

Front 59

Greek combining form "-o"

Back 59

Used in naming bacteria

Ex. Staphylococcus; cocci = grain/berries, staphy = bunch

Staphylococcus = bunch of berries (small, spherical clustered bacteria)

Front 60

{logy}/{logist}

Back 60

"study of"/"person who studies"

Front 61

{anthropo}

Back 61

man

combining form

Front 62

{bio}

Back 62

life

combining form

Front 63

{entomo}

Back 63

notched animal/insect

combining form

Front 64

{ethno}

Back 64

race or nation of people

combining form

Front 65

{etymo}

Back 65

basic meaning of a word

combining form

Front 66

{geo}

Back 66

land/Earth

combining form

Front 67

{horo}

Back 67

hour, time

combining form

Front 68

{neuro}

Back 68

nerve

combining form

Front 69

{patho}

Back 69

suffering, disease, feeling

combining form

Front 70

{psycho}

Back 70

soul, mind

combining form

Front 71

{phag}

Back 71

eating

entymophagous = eats insects

Front 72

{ichthyo}

Back 72

fish

itchyophagous = eats fish

Front 73

{sapro}

Back 73

rotten

saprophagous = eats rotten food

Front 74

{rhizo/rhiz}

Back 74

root

rhizophagous = eats roots

Front 75

{iart/iatro}

Back 75

doctor/treatment

psychiatrist = treats diseases of the mind

Front 76

{hipp}

Back 76

horse

hippiatry = the study of horses

Front 77

{pus/pod}

Back 77

foot

podiatrist = specializes in disorders of the feet

Front 78

{ornith/ornitho}

Back 78

bird

ornithologist = studies birds

Front 79

{ger}

Back 79

old

geriatrics = study of the diseases/problems of the elderly

Front 80

{carcin/carcino}

Back 80

cancer

carcinogen = causes cancer

Front 81

{partheno}

Back 81

Virgin

Parthenon received its name because it was important to Athena, a virgin goddess

Parthenogenesis is birth without fertilization (virgin birth)

Front 82

Iatrogenic disease

Back 82

Iatrogenic disease = caused by treatment

Front 83

Geometry

Back 83

literally "measurement of the Earth"

Mathematics dealing with measurements of points, lines, surfaces, solids

Front 84

{carni}

Back 84

Meat/flesh

Carnivore = animal that eats meat

Front 85

{cide}

Back 85

Kill

Herbicide = poison that kills plants

Front 86

{febri}

Back 86

Fever

Febrifuge = medicine that drives out fever

Front 87

{frugi/fructi}

Back 87

Fruit

Frugivorous = fruit-eating

Front 88

{fuge}

Back 88

Drive away, flee

Vermifuge = medicine that drives out worms

Front 89

{fy}

Back 89

Make

Magnify = make bigger

Front 90

{herbi}

Back 90

Grass

Herbicide = kills grass

Front 91

{insecti}

Back 91

Insect

Insectivore = animal/plant that eats insects

Front 92

{magni}

Back 92

Big

Magnify = make bigger

Front 93

{omni}

Back 93

All

Omnivorous = eats everything

Front 94

{pater/patri}

Back 94

Father

Patricide = killing one's father

Front 95

{pesti}

Back 95

Troublesome animal, plant, etc.

Pesticide = kills troublesome animal/plant

Front 96

{Pisci}

Back 96

Fish

Piscivore = eats fish (Latin version of Ichthyophagous)

Front 97

{rani}

Back 97

Frog

Ranivorous = eats frogs

Front 98

{sui}

Back 98

Self

Suicide = killing of self

Front 99

{Vermi}

Back 99

worm

Vermicide = kills worms

Front 100

{vor/vore}

Back 100

Eating

Omnivorous = eats everything

Front 101

{ag/act}

Back 101

Do

Agent/reaction

Front 102

{frang/fract}

Back 102

Break

Frangible (breakable)

Fracture

Front 103

{grav}

Back 103

Heavy, serious, pregnant

Gravity

Gravid (pregnant)

Front 104

{host}

Back 104

Enemy

Hostile

Hostility

Front 105

{neglig/neglect}

Back 105

Disregard

Negligence

Neglect

Front 106

{sap/sip}

Back 106

Taste

Sapid (tasty)

Insipid (tasteless)

Front 107

{brevi}

Back 107

Short

Brevity (shortness/briefness)

Abbreviation

Front 108

{joc}

Back 108

Jest, fun

Jocose (jolly/humorous)

Jocularity (joking manner)

Front 109

{nebul}

Back 109

Cloud

Nebula (mass of interstellar dust)

Nebulous (cloudy, unclear)

Front 110

{rect}

Back 110

Right

Correct

Rectitude (correctness)

Front 111

{simil/simili}

Back 111

Like

Simliar

Similitude (resemblance, likeness)

Front 112

{squal}

Back 112

Rough, dirty

Squalor (filth)

Squalid (filthy)

Front 113

{radic}

Back 113

root

Front 114

Eradicate (literal vs. figurative)

Back 114

Literal = tear out a plant by the roots

Figurative = remove a problem (or whatever) completely, with no trace left

- Root of the problem = cause of the problem

Front 115

Navigate (literal vs. figurative)

Back 115

Navigate in the literal sense applies only to boats. All other usages are figurative meaning

Front 116

{ferv}

Back 116

Heat

Front 117

Fervid (literal vs. figurative)

Back 117

Hot (can be literal or figurative)

Literal = Sun's fervid rays

Figurative = Fervid ran of the basketball team

Front 118

Etymology of "horizon"

Back 118

From Latin horizon, meaning "limiting circle"

Front 119

Etymology of "vodka"

Back 119

Diminutive of Russian voda, "water"

Front 120

Etymology of "whisky/whiskey"

Back 120

Gaelic "water of life," from Old Irish "water"

Front 121

Etymology of "sardonic"

Back 121

From Greek sardonios "of Sardinia," based in an old belief that eating a plant from Sardinia would cause the face to contort into sardonic laughter (looked like laughter but was not,) later resulting in death

Modern meaning: Grimly mocking/cynical

Front 122

Etymology of "OK"

Back 122

From Old English; probably an abbreviation of orl korrect, humorous form of "all correct," popularized as a slogan during President Van Buren's re-election campaign of 1840; his nickname Old Kinderhook (derived from his birthplace) provided the initials.

Front 123

Allusion vs. Illusion

Back 123

Allusion = make reference to someone/something in an indirect/casual way

Illusion = A belief not in accord with the facts

Front 124

{lud/lus}

Back 124

Mock, make a fool of

Front 125

Alteration vs. Altercation

Back 125

Alteration = change from one thing to another

Altercation = fight with another person

Front 126

{alter}

Back 126

other/another

Front 127

Violation vs. volition

Back 127

Violation = breaking of a law

Volition = Wish, desire

Front 128

{vel/vol}

Back 128

Wish, desire

Front 129

{violat}

Back 129

Force or violence

Front 130

Alter ego

Back 130

A different version of yourself

"A second self"

Front 131

Cum grano salis

Back 131

With a grain of salt

Front 132

In extremis

Back 132

"At the point of death"

An extremely difficult situation

Front 133

Tempus fugit

Back 133

"Time flies"

Front 134

Ex libris

Back 134

Used on the inscription of a bookplate to show the name of the owner

"From the library of"

Front 135

What part of speech must a genus name be?

Back 135

Noun

Front 136

What part of speech must a specific epithet be?

Back 136

Adjective, participle, noun, or genitive

Front 137

Trinomial nomenclature

Back 137

Many organisms have a trinomen rather than a binomen; trinomial nomenclature is used to classify taxa smaller than species

Ex. Homo sapiens sapiens = humans

Front 138

Who are Zeus' brothers?

Back 138

Posiedon (god of earthquakes, the sea) and Hades (god of the Underworld)

Front 139

Who is Zeus' wife?

Back 139

Zeus, like many aristocrats of the time, keeps many consorts and has one wife from an equal family (his own)

Zeus' wife Hera is also his sister

Front 140

Love affair of Ares and Aphrodite

Back 140

Aphrodite was married to Hephaestus, the crafstman god. She had an affair with Ares, was caught by Helios (the Sun god,) who informed her husband. Hephaestus set up a net around her bed to catch the two in the act, then summoned all of the other gods to view them.

Front 141

Zeus (Roman name)

Back 141

Jupiter/Jove

Front 142

Hera (Roman name)

Back 142

Juno

Front 143

Poseidon (Roman name)

Back 143

Neptune

Front 144

Athena (Roman name)

Back 144

Minerva

Front 145

Aphrodite (Roman name)

Back 145

Venus

Front 146

Ares (Roman name)

Back 146

Mars

Front 147

Hephaestus (Roman name)

Back 147

Vulcan

Front 148

Hermes (Roman name)

Back 148

Mercury

Front 149

Cronus/Kronos (Latin name)

Back 149

Saturn

Front 150

Mercurial

Back 150

Under the influence of Mercury

Changeable

Front 151

Martial

Back 151

Under the influence of Mars

Military, war-loving

Front 152

Jovial

Back 152

Under the influence of Jupiter/Jove

Joyous, good-spirited

Front 153

Saturnine

Back 153

Under the influence of Saturn

Gloomy

Front 154

Cardinal numbers

Back 154

Numbers, such as 3 or 11 or 412, used in counting to indicate quantity

Front 155

Ordinal numbers

Back 155

Words like first, second, third which show the order in which objects are arranged

Front 156

Etymology of "cardinal"

Back 156

Latin cardinalis, "serving as a hinge"

Modern meaning: Of upmost importance

Front 157

Etymology of "ordinal"

Back 157

Latin ordinalis, "order"

Front 158

{semi}

Back 158

Half, partially

Front 159

{uni}

Back 159

one

Front 160

{du, bi}

Back 160

two

(dual, bilateral)

Front 161

{tri}

Back 161

three

Front 162

{quadru/quadri/quadr}

Back 162

four

Front 163

{quinqu/quinque}

Back 163

five

Front 164

{sex}

Back 164

six

Front 165

{sept/septem}

Back 165

seven

Front 166

{octo/octi}

Back 166

eight

Front 167

{nov/novem}

Back 167

nine

Front 168

{dec/deci/decem}

Back 168

ten

Front 169

{cent/centi}

Back 169

100

Front 170

{mill/milli}

Back 170

1,000

Front 171

{pleg}

Back 171

Paralysis

ex. Quadriplegic; paralyzed in four limbs

Front 172

{digit}

Back 172

Finger

ex. A sexdigital person has six fingers on each hand

Front 173

Roman calendar

Back 173

Began in the month of March, so October was the 8th month, December the 10th, etc.

Front 174

{foli}

Back 174

Leaf

ex. A quinquefoliate plant has five leaves

Front 175

{cycle}

Back 175

Wheel.

ex. A bicycle has two wheels

Front 176

{pare/para/pari}

Back 176

Produce children

ex. Parent; woman who bears eight children is an octipara

Front 177

{later}

Back 177

Side

ex. In a unilateral action, one side has participated

Front 178

{pede/ped}

Back 178

Foot

Front 179

{primo}

Back 179

1st

Front 180

{second}

Back 180

2nd

Front 181

{terti}

Back 181

3rd

Front 182

{quart}

Back 182

4th

Front 183

{quint}

Back 183

5th

Front 184

{sext}

Back 184

6th

Front 185

{sept}

Back 185

7th

Front 186

{octav}

Back 186

8th

Front 187

{non}

Back 187

9th

Front 188

{decim/deci}

Back 188

10th

Front 189

{centi}

Back 189

100th

Front 190

{milli}

Back 190

1000th

Front 191

{heno}

Back 191

1

Front 192

{duo/dy}

Back 192

2

Front 193

{tri}

Back 193

3

Front 194

{tetra/tetrad}

Back 194

4

Front 195

{pent/penta}

Back 195

5

Front 196

{hexa/hex}

Back 196

6

Front 197

{hept/hepta}

Back 197

7

Front 198

{octo}

Back 198

8

Front 199

{ennea/ennead}

Back 199

9

Front 200

{deca}

Back 200

10

Front 201

{hecto}

Back 201

100

Front 202

{kilo}

Back 202

1,000

Front 203

{cephal}

Back 203

Head

ex. Something that is tricephalic has three heads

Front 204

{prot/proto}

Back 204

First

ex. Protomartyr in a cause was the first in the cause to be punished

Front 205

{deuer/deutero}

Back 205

Second

ex. Deuterogamy is a second marriage after death/divorce of the first spouse`

Front 206

{gam}

Back 206

Marriage

Ex. Polygamy

Front 207

{nom}

Back 207

Law

ex. Deuteronomy; name given to the fifth book of the Bible because in it the laws of Moses are described for the 2nd time

Front 208

{mono}

Back 208

Single

ex. Monoplane; one wing

Front 209

{poly}

Back 209

Many/ Latin {multi}

ex. Polygamy, multipara (more than one child borne)

Front 210

{olig/oligo}

Back 210

Few.

ex. Oligophagous; eats few foods

Front 211

{pan}

Back 211

All

ex. Panchromatic film; sensitive to all colors

Front 212

{orama}

Back 212

Sight

ex. Panorama; one can see all

Front 213

{hemi}

Back 213

Half

ex. Hemisphere; half of a sphere

Front 214

Alumnus + plural

Back 214

Man who has attended an institution

Alumni = two or more

(when an association includes both male + female graduates, it is still called an Alumni institution)

Front 215

Alumna + plural

Back 215

Female who has attended an institution

Alumnae = two or more

Front 216

Other irregular plurals with "-i"

Back 216

One nucleus, two nuclei

One radius, two radii

One focus, two foci

One colossus, two colossi

One stimulus, two stimuli

One gladiolus, two gladioli

Front 217

Other irregular plurals with "-ae"

Back 217

One persona, two personae

One formula, two formulae

One lacuna, two lacunae

One vertebra, two vertabrae

Front 218

Stratum + plural

Back 218

Stratum = a horizontal layer of sedimentary rock

Strata = two or more

Front 219

Other irregular plurals with "-a"

Back 219

One datum, two data

One agendum, two agenda

One millenium, two millenia

One medium, two media

One centennium, two centennia

One memorandum, two memorandia

Front 220

Analysis + plural

Back 220

One analysis, two analyses

Front 221

Other irregular plurals with "-es"

Back 221

One index, two indexes

One neurosis, several neuroses

One psychosis, several psychoses

One synopsis, several synopses

One synthesis, several syntheses

Front 222

Climactic vs. climatc

Back 222

Climactic = adjective form of climax, highest point

Climatic = adjective form of climate, weather conditions in a given zone

Front 223

Extant vs. extinct

Back 223

Extant = still existing

Extinct = no longer existing

Front 224

Official vs. officious

Back 224

Official = a person put in some position of authority

Officious = Offers unnecessary/unwanted services

Front 225

Mirable dictu

Back 225

Wonderful to say

Front 226

Inter nos

Back 226

Between us

Front 227

Corpus delicti

Back 227

Information about the corpse; proof that a crime has been committed

Front 228

Habeas corpus

Back 228

Permission for an accused to be free before his examination

Used to exist in the legal system as a way to make sure everyone was tried before they were jailed. Is largely ignored today

Front 229

Nota bene

Back 229

Favorable letter/make careful note

Front 230

Story of Demeter and Persephone

Back 230

Demeter = sister of Zeus, goddess of grain

Daughter Persephone was taken by Hades to the Underworld to be his bride

Persephone returns to the above world for 6 months of the year (Spring/Summer) and remains in the Underworld for 6mos (Winter/Fall)

Front 231

Aeneas & reincarnation

Back 231

Aeneas witnessed souls being dipped in the River Styx and reformed in order to become future great Romans

Front 232

Orpheus & Eurydice

Back 232

Orpheus' wife Eurydice dies, he asks Hades for permission to retrieve her from the Underworld

Hades allows it but tells Orpheus not to look back on the journey; he does, and sees her being pulled back in

Front 233

Hercules & the Underworld

Back 233

One of Hercules' 12 tasks was to retrieve Cerberus the 3-headed dog from the Underworld

Front 234

Sisyphus/Sisyphean task

Back 234

Sisyphus was punished in the Underworld by having to eternally roll a boulder up a huge hill

Front 235

Tantalus

Back 235

Tantalus was punished in the Underworld by being made to stand in a pool of water from which he cannot drink, under a fig tree which he cannot reach

Front 236

Ceberus

Back 236

Three-headed guard dog of the Underworld

Front 237

Charon

Back 237

Boatman/ferryman of the Underworld

Front 238

Elysian Fields

Back 238

A beautiful place where great heroes may be dispatched to spend eternity instead of the Underworld

Front 239

Lethe

Back 239

One of the five rivers of Hades' underworld

(lethal, lethargic)

Front 240

Styx

Back 240

One of the five rivers of Hades' underworld

Front 241

Hermes Psychopomps/Mercury

Back 241

Greek:HermesPsychopompos= (soul-taker) picksup souls who have died, help guide them down into the Underworld

Roman: Mercury, has differentresponsibilities

Front 242

Hades and Persephone/Pluto and Prospenia

Back 242

King and Queen of the Underworld

Front 243

Terms of Venery

Back 243

Venery = hunting

Terms of venery = Names for groups of animals, toyed with for centuries by logophiles