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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Crime is distributed ___________ in the US.
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unevenly
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________ is one of the most under reported crimes.
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Rape
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Theoretical suggestions regarding crime
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understanding, reducing and controlling crime
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Lawlessness in the US
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greater than other industrialized nations
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_______ offenses are not in the UCR
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drug
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Who publishes the UCR?
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FBI
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The study of eugenics claimed that ______________
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inheritance could explain crime
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Freud
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created psychoanalytic theory which did not directly address crime
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The positivist school wanted __________ that crime was caused by __________.
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scientific proof, features within the individual
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The classical school focuses on __________ and the individuals __________ to commit crime.
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free will, decision
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Lombroso's Criminal Classifications
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Born Criminal
Insane Criminal Occasional Criminal Criminals of Passion |
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Father of Criminology
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Cesare Lombroso
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Spiritualism said that people who committed crimes were _____________, however, this _________________________.
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possessed by evil spirits, can not be proven scientifically
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Social Context
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give background info on what was going on at a given time
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_______ was the author of CrimeWarps
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Bennett
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____________ stated that crime is concentrated in a disorganized society.
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Social Disorganization Theory
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_________ created the Concentric Zone Theory, the Zone of Transition was the greatest concern.
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Burgess
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The Chicago School of Criminology focused on __________.
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the city as the cause of crime
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The Strain Theory
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all types of strain cause crime, the best way to reduce crime is to increase economic opportunity
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The strain theory was most popular during the _______.
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1960's
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________ said that delinquent gangs are concentrated in urban slums
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Cohen
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Anomie
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normlessness and lawlessness
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________ believed the American Dream was the key ingredient to crime.
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Merton
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____________ originated the Anomie Theory.
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Emile Durkheim
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George Herbert Mead
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"I" and "Me" Theory
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"I" and "Me" Theory
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"I" represents the awareness of self & "Me" represents the social self
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Reiss
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defined control in terms of social groups and institutions
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believed the family was the most important agent of social control.
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Nye
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Internalized Control
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Conscience
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Containment Theory
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Reckless; addresses the question "What keeps a person from committing crime?"
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The control theory became popular in the ____.
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1960's
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Coleman
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added some techniques of neutralization
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Drift Theory
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details how juveniles drift back and forth between conformity and nonconformity
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Hirschi
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1. Social Bond Theory
2. Self Control Theory |
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Control Balance Theory
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Tittle
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Control Ratio
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a mathematical way to determine the probability of deviance
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Sherman
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Defiance Theory
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1st Labeling Theorist
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Frank Tannenbaum
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Lemert
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labeling theorist, primary and secondary deviance
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Primary and Secondary Deviance
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Primary Deviance- when the offender tries to rationalize his behavior
Secondary deviance- society's reaction to it. |
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Braithwaite
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restorative justice
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Labeling Theorists
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believe your labels determine who you are and blame state intervention for those labels
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Peacemaking criminology
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restorative justice, building a sense of trust with the community
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focused on conflict and relationship with authority
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Turk
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Vold
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emphasized political struggles, those who lose are criminals
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Modern Thought
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the natural order of things, scientific method can be used to solve crime
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Postmodern thought
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linguistic constructions are made by the institutions who determine what a crime is
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Henry and Milovanovic's postmodernism
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truth is unknowable, knowledge is not cumulative and facts are social constructions
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Arrigo
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postmodern thought and the importance of language
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New Criminology's criticisms of Traditional Criminology
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overly deterministic
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Convict Criminology
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gives the criminal's POV, not accepted by most criminologists
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Left realism
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the realistic effect of crime on the working class
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Routine Activity Theory
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opportunity is necessary condition for crime to occur
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Rational Choice Theory
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crime is based on a rational choice based on concrete decisions
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Crime
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Breaking the Law
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Problem-oriented Policing
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looking for a specific solution to a specific problem, reducing opportunity
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Natural Strategy
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Preventing opportunity with actions
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Mechanical Strategy
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preventing opportunity with mechanics (ex. surveillance cameras)
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Indirect effect
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caused by an intervening or mediating variable
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direct effect
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one variable directly affects another
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Hardening the target
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blocking criminal activities or preventing crime
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ADHD
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seen as a significant causal factor for adolescent drug use and crime
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Fearlessness Theory
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criminals are unafraid of the crime or consequences
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Human Genome Project
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identified specific DNA sequences over a 15 yr study, finished in '03
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CD
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conduct disorder
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Techniques used to support biosocial and biological theories
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MRI's, CT Scans, etc which look at brain functions
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____________ disorders have the best result from biosocial and biological theories.
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Substance Abuse
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Heritability Coefficient
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determines the degree to which intelligence is inherited
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r/k approach
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animals either procreate for the sake of procreating or to love and care for their offspring
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Postpartum Depression
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does it have any impact on criminal activity?
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Sampson and Laub
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used Glueck's data to analyze juvenile delinquency and determine how social bonds lead to conformity
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Moffitt
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Adolescent Limited, Lifetime Criminal; Maturity gap- examines individuals who are emotionally and physically on different levels.
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Patterson and Yoerger's said ________ was the key cause for late-onset delinquency
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peer groups
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The reciprocal effect
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the juvenile's parental attachment association with delinquent attachment
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Life-course criminology
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attempts to map predictors over a lifetime to see if it's leading to crime and what pathways lead to it
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Longitudinal Study
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a study looking at involvement in crime over a long period of time
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