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61 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is a true crime?
A crime which has corpus delecti, meaning it has actus reaus and means rea
What four elements make up corpus delecti?
1. Actus Reus/"The Guilty Act"
2. Mens Rea/"The Guilty Mind"
3. Convergence of actus reus and mens rea
4. Harm/Proximate Cause (the actus reaus lead to the mens rea"
Who created blackstone commentaries?
William Blackstone
What two categories makeup blackstone commentaries?
1. Mala in Se "bad in itself"
2. Mala Prohibitem "bad because we prohibit"
What is proximate cause
Proximate cause is that the action caused the harm. If an intervening factor caused the harm, then you do not have proximate cause
True of False:
Motive is needed to show corpus delecti
False. You do not need to show motive in order to prove corpus delecti
what is punitive-based justice system?
Low community involvement, rely on police
High law enforcement involvement
High stamitization
Difficult reentry to community and staying good
What is restorative justice system?
Rehabilitative oriented, high community involvement, less need for law enforcement, lower stigmatization, higher re-entry success
What are the two cjus schools?
Classical School (based on free will - people aren't forced to commit crimes so government should punish every crime. Also dealt with family retaliation/family offender

Positivist School - challeneged classicial school inthat crimes may be committed for other reasons and its not free will. Other factors may cause people to commit crimes.
What is the dark figure?
Crimes that are not reported and therefore cannot be added to statistics
What are the three crime reporting systems
-Uniform Crime Report
-National Incident Based Reporting System
-National Crime Survey
Pros and Cons of NCS
Since its a survey, it addressed dark figures of crimes that aren't even officially reported

Many more details

No one is required to fill out the survey
What does NCS stand for?
National Crime Survey
Pros and Cons of NIBRS
tracks more crimes than UCR
Eliminates hiearchy issue
More detailed than UCR

Not required to report
What does NIBRS stand for?
National Incident Based Reporting System
What does UCR stand for?
Uniform Crime Report
Pros and Cons of UCR
Only tracks 29 crimes. 21 are called "part II"crimes, 8 are index crimes which are the most serious.

Not required
Hiearchy rule (only th most serious offense in a single occurrence is reported, then throw out the other charges in an occurence.
What was Sir Robert Peel?
He created the first formal police department in London (and the policemen were then called "Bobbies").

In ireland, the police were called "Peelers."

He said they must be para-military and wear uniforms, and be trained with weapons.

He also said they must have a chain of command and rank.
What did John Locke say?
That by God, people had natural rights like life, liberty, and property and individuals should enforce these rights (self-enforcement).
Explain the pledge system
10 families would group together to make a "tithing" to help look out for one another.
Then 10 families would group together which made "hundreds" for even broader sense of protection.

Then, hundreds were rolled togther into a shire which was about the size of a county.

Then a reeve was appointed in the shire. This is how we got the name "sheriff."
What is a posse comitatus?
When the sheriff needed more man-power he would recruit other men who were atleast 15 years of age and they were known as his posse.
Which was the first City to utilize police power and when?
1838. Boston
Who was the father of the study of criminal justice?
August Volmer
Who created the collegiate study of cjus and where
August Volmer - Berkley
Who developed the first textbook on police administration?
O.W. Wilson
What is the Wickersham Commission.
It was the result of a damming report and recommended drastic changes be made to the cjus sytem
Who was the Chief Justice during the 1960's?
Earl Warren
Explain Mapp v. Ohio
Mapp applied the exclusionary rule to the States. If an officer committed an illegal search and seizure, that evidence can't be used at trial. This lead to more educated police.
Explain Miranda v. Arizona
Set the precedent that a suspect must be read that you must be read your rights before you can be custodially interrogated. The message to police was to clean up their act. Any info gathered prior to bein mirandized would not be admissable in court.
Explain New York v. Quarles
It modified Miranda in that it would be okay for police to question a suspect if public safety is at risk
Explain Nix v. Williams
Modified Mapp to allow for "inevitable discovery"to be considered admissable discovery prior to one being mirandized and did not effect the validity of the findings of a search and seizure. If the finding was going to be found inevitable anyway - its admissable.
What are some characteristics of the Political Era of policing?
High community relations, but very political. "I do for you, you vote for me."

Decentralized police - separate precincts, very unorganized.
What are some characteristics of the Reform Era of policing?
More professional, more trained.

Cold, hard - detached from citizens. Fight crime, don't worry about making friends

High centralization (bee hive mentality) and brought all together.
What are the three eras of policing?

What are the time periods of each?
Political Era (1800-1900)
Reform Era (1900 - 1960)
Community Problem Solving Era (1970-present)
What are some characteristics of Community Problem Solving Era of policing?
Still want to be professional, but not cold. Many departments now employ a community relations officer to act as a liaison between community and police.

Some social services

Decentralized in terms of structure - closer contact with the community by having branch of offices from the main "bee hive."
What are three things that shape the police officers "working personality"
They are para-military in that they have boot camp, fire arms, uniform, rank, discipline, and provide order and protection

Very dangerous job - zero to full danger in seconds

Authority - convey control, be efficient, earn respect, moralistic
What are the four police personalities?
Crime fighter, social agent, law enforcer, watchman
Stare Decises Et Quieta Movera means what?
Let the decision stand,do not unsettle that which is settled
Ratio Dicidendi means what?
The crux of the case decision
Obiter Dicta means what?
above the decision
What are the types of felonies and misdemeanors that can be used?
Murder
Class A-D Felony
Class A-C Misdemeanor
What is sui generis?
The idea that murder is in a separate class, above Class A felony
What part of the U.S. Const. deals with the federal judiciary branch?
Article III
What is en banc?
It means as a group and that all the judges come together in that jurisdiction to hear that case.
Who is our current United States Supreme Court Chief Justice?
John Roberts
What roles do the supreme court justices play in other circuits?
Each supreme court justice is assigned a circuit to supervise
How is a supreme court nominated?
They are nominated by the president, and the attorney general compiles a list of candidates. The ABA ranks the candidates as "highly qualified, qualified, and unqualified," and then the list is sent to the FBI for extensive background checks, and then the senate sends nominees to the judiciary committee and they hold a public hearing to confirm.
Name the two categories of physical abuse of elderly
Domestic and Institutional
What percentage have women been physically assaulted?
52%
What are the special categories of crime?
Crime against women
crime against elderly
hate crimes
corporate and white collar crime
organized crime
gun crime
high technology computer crime
terrorism
What is evidence based policing?
The use of best available research on the outcomes of police work to implement guidelines and evaluate agencies, units, and officers.

It is scientific based on what works best.

Today's EBP model has been called the single most powerful force for change in policing today.

It really helps to guide police on how to deal with certain situations.
Explain the Kansas City Experiment
4-year study of the southern part of Kansas City. Five of the areas were patrolled in the usual fashion, in another five areas, police patrol doubled. In the third group of five, no patrolling at all.

The result was that there was no change between the three groups of five in "preventable crimes" such as burglary, robbery, auto theft, larceny and vandalism.

Surveys after the experiment showed that citizens' fear of crime did not change and they didn't even notice the change in patrol patterns.
Explain Police Community Relations
Many police agencies began to explore PCR in the 1960's and 1970's. (This may very well be because of the bad rep and distrust police found in the reform era).

PCR programs represented a movement away from an exclusive police emphasis on the apprehension of law violators and meant increasing the level of positive police-citizen interaction.

Part of the PCR meant more police/community interaction and availability of police officers to the public so that public could express their concerns.

Critics say PCR fails because programs focus on servicing groups already satisfied with police. (For instance, PCR usually reaches out to upper-middle class voters and not people living in ghettos or areas of high crime and poverty).
What is community policing?
A collaborative effort between the police and the community. The purpose is to identify problems of crime and disorder and involve all elements of the community in search for solutions to problems.
What are some things police do to utilize the strategy of community policing?
Have police out in the community getting input from citizens

Police patroling on foot or on bicycles.

Problem solve

Refer those in need to drug and alcohol programs, domestic violence resources, etc.

Higher availability and accountability to community
What is the two-way street of community policing?
Requires police awareness of the needs of the community but also involvement and crime fighting action on the part of citizens.
What are some negatives of community policing?
Critics say that evidence exists that not all police officers are willing to accept the non-traditional role of community policing, they loathe to take on new responsibilities as service providers. Additionally, if police are out making friends and "wasting time" with community relations, arrests aren't being made.
What is directed patrol?
A police management strategy designed to increase the productivity of patrol officers through the scientific analysis and evaluation of patrol techniques.

It may mean varying the number of officers involved in patrolling according to the time of day or the frequency of reported crimes with an area.

If you know there is a particular area that is known for higher crime rates, and even more so at a particular time of day, then assign police accordingly.


Other police may be stationed at a station for taking in calls and preparing incident reports.
What is police subculture?
The set of informal values that characterize the police force as a distinct community with a common identity.

Informal socialization begins at the police academy and determines how rookies come to see police work.


"Streetwise" skills that are learned or passed on.
What is intelligence-led policing?
The collection and analysis of info to produce an intelligence end-product designed to inform police decision making at both the tactical and strategic levels.
What is POST?
The State of New York developed the POST program in the 1950's and others caught on.
Every jurisdiction imposes requirements similar to POST but may vary.

Deals with human relations, firearms and weapons, communications, legal aspects of policing, patrol, criminal investigations, administration, report writing, and criminal justice systems.


State police agencies have the most required classroom hours and local sheriff's departments have about half of state.