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57 Cards in this Set

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What is included in the RICCO statutes?
murder, kidnapping, gambling, bribary, extortion, and dealing in narcotics or other dangerous drugs. Also racketeering, counterfeiting, embezzlement, loan sharking, mail fraud, wire fraud, obstruction of justice, human trafficking, bankrupcy fraud, drug law violations.
What is prohibited under STEP and when STEP is legally in force?
Participation of individuals in street gangs with knowledge that its members are or have been involved in a pattern of criminal activities, or providing assistance to or promoting the criminal activities of street gangs is prohibited.

-STEP is legally in force when a gang member is notified that he or she is participating in a street gang.
What is the number of members required to constitute a gang in the majority of states?
Btwn 2 and 5 members.
What are some examples of enhanced penalties for participating in gang activities?
-Georgia provides up to three years additional punishment for individuals in gangs
-Florida has more severe penalites for crimes
What is the typology of youth gang legislation?
Similiarities make it possible to categorize laws, or to develop typology that capture the direction and foci of the legislation.
What are the two categories of typology?
Legal organizational and legal prosecutional.
What does legal organizational mean?
Those statutes that are aimed at specific social and cultural components of gangs that are addressed by the legislation.
What are some examples of legal organizational?
-Gang participation
-gang related clothing, dress codes, school uniforms
-gang related definitions
-graffiti
-juvenile gang members
What does legal prosecutrial mean?
Includes laws that focus on specific actions or intended actions of gang members, or behaviors that the states have deem to pose a threat to individuals and to the safety and well being of communities.
What are som examples of legal prosecutorial?
-carjacking
-drive bys
-enhanced sentencing penalties
-gang activity and forfeiture
-gangs and schools
-gangs and weapons
-public nuisance/premises used by gangs.
What is the state with the most comprehensive anti-gang legislation?
California.
What are the two parts of the police role in dealing with gangs?
-The law enforcement role: Collecting info on gangs and their members, deterring gang activity and making arrests of gang members
-Social service role: Participating in school based education gang prevention programs or social service or employment programs that provide gang members with legitimate atlernative roles and opportunities.
What is the nature of the relationships between gangs and the police according to Kratcoski and Kratcoski?
Typically hostile, b/c of the belief that police officers practice racism, brutality, and unfairness.
What is the sole focus of the gang unit?
Gang activities and how best to deter gang members from engaging in illegal behaviors.
What is the major problem with the gang unit (Katz)?
A disconnect btwn the police in the field that encounter gang activities and the sharing of this information in a timely manner with the gang unit.
When are gangs targeted (OSS)?
When they appear to cause a major crime problem
What is the effectiveness of CRASH and OSS according to the research by Freed?
OSS appearred to a better reputation that CRASH on the street.
What was the objective of Operation Hammer and Klein’s conclusions about Operation Hammer?
Operation sent police officers in with thousands of warrents to sweep and big up massive amounts of ppl.

-This is an inefficient process and it with such a high release rate sends a message that the police cannot handle themselves.
What were the experimental variables used in the anti gang project in Dallas?
-intensive patrolling techniques
-tough curfew restrictions
-strict truency measures.
What was the the focus of Operation Ceasefire?
A zero tolerance philosophy toward violence committed by youth street gangs.
What are Gendreau and Ross’elements of effective intervention?
1) clear explications of rules and formal sanctions
2) anti criminal modeling and reinforcement as suggested by social learning theory
3) assistance in dealing with problems or difficulties by using social prosocial coping strategies
4) use of community resources
5) empathy, trust, and open communications in realtions with program staff
What was the Chicago Area Project (CAP) was based on?
Major social ecological concepts of the 'chicago school' of sociology.
What were the goals of CAP?
-Reduce high rates of delinquency and gang behavior in some of chicagos most crime prone neighborhoods
-Confront the problem of youth crime and gangs through a unified effort involving the residents from high delinquency areas.
What are the two main strategies of CAP (Korbin)?
-to enlist the support of local residents in order to lend credibility to aims of the project.
-Engender a sense of autonomy among various groups, called local welfare organizations so that the groups could proceed to resolve the problem of youth crime and gangs.
What were the findings by Finestone and Korbin concerning the effectiveness of CAP?
Its difficult to obtain accurate measurements on field experiments like the CAP
Also, the areas with the highest rates of delinquency and gangs that the CAP was least efficient.
What was the primary objective of the Mid-City Project (MCP)?
To inhibit or reduce the amount of gang behaviors committed by adolescent residents of the targeted communities.
What were the two major efforts of MCP?
Do develop and strengthen local citizen groups sot that they could assume responsibility for and take direct action against deliquency in their areas.
-to gain cooperation from organizations and individuals who had at least some direct relationship to the gang and delinquency problem.
What was the the research design used in MCP and the three major phases of the project?
Seven workers were assigned to over 400 gang members-they met with the for 3 months.

3 major phases:

-The initial contact phase
-the behavior modification phase
-the termination phase
What had the most significant effect on adolescents in MCP?
The presense of the workers themselves.
What were Miller’s conclusions about the effectiveness of MCP?
There was no significant measureable inhibition of law-violating behaviors as a result of the project.
What was the major difference between CAP and MCP?
The CAP while well conceptualized was simpler in its organization and goals
What was the meaning of the group guidance method?
One group was guided while the other group was a control.
What was the objective of the study by Adams?
To ascertain whether the group guidance method was effective in reducing police and court contacts, thereby lowering the costs to the community of crimes committed by the gangs.
What was the meaning of detached worker (DW) and its objective?
A social worker is removed from a buerocratic setting in which most social work is undertaken and carries out her responsibilities in a social milieu to which he or she is assigned.

Its ojective was to minimize the amount of paperwork that many human social professionals must face on a daily basis and to maximize the time that he or she spends with clients in their areas of residence.
What is Klein’s most important finding concerning the use of DW?
The presence of the group worker had the effect of intensifying gang cohesivness, thereby resulting in greater participation of gang members in juvenile criminality.
What were the interventions used in the Ladino Hills Project (i.e., tutoring)?
-Tutoring for gang members still in school
-assistance with job placement
-placement in job training programs
-individual therapeutic interventions
What does G.R.E.A.T. stand for and its major characteristics?
-Great reporting evaluation and tracking

1) Conflict resolution skills
2) cultural sensitivity
3) the dangers and disadvantages of gang membership and involvement
4) The importance of becoming responsible members of their communities
5)personal goal setting
6) skills for resisting pressures to join
What were the findings by Petersen and Esbensen and Taylor et al. concerning the effectiveness of G?
There were mixed feelings, most people agreed it would be helpful but not all voted to have it in their schools.
What did the Mobilization for youth program involve?
The program invovled the creation of new jobs for lower class adolescents, educating them in the most acceptable ways to find and to secure employment, and informing the local public about existing job opportunities and the most effective methods for obtaining jobs.
What was the focus of the mobilzation of youth program?
Employment alternatives for teenage males who were at high risk for joining gangs.
What did the mobilization of youth program target?
The conditions that were said to lead to membership in juvenile gangs as well as juvenile criminality.
Who founded the Urban Leadership Training Program?
African american community leaders, and acedamicians.
What was the focus of the Urban Leadership Training Program?
Focused on 22 gang leaders, representing five local gangs.
What were the parts of the formal education in the ULT?
ULT offered formal educational training for the leaders, and it was designed to have them network with acceptable and successful residents in their neighborhoods.The courses consisted of law, criminology, economics, community health, political science, sociology, communications, and black studies classes.
Why did the ULT program end?
The loss of funding and the inability to place the participants in good jobs, lead the program to fail.
What were the objectives of the El Monte Program?
1) obtaining information on job leads
2) informin gang members about possibilities of employment
3) preparing gang members for job interviews through role playing
4) instructing gang members on job application procedures
5) arranging transportation for getting gang members to interviews and to the first day of work
6) opening lines of communication with police officials in order to discuss any problems arising from employment.
Who were the strategies developed by Irving Spergel are designed for?
-Judges
-police
-prosecutors
-parole
-corrections
-probation
-schools
-youth employment
-community based youth agencies
-large-scale grass roots efforts
-organizations
What did Howell conclude that effective intervention with street gangs must entail?
A number of integrated strategies including:

-antiviolence and anti-homicide measures
-comprehensive social services programs
What are some common elements of youth gang intervention and prevention strategies?
-Detached worker programs
-Individual counseling
-group counseling
-family counseling
-peer/adult mentoring
-educational upgrading
-cultural enrichment
-job training and placement
-court laison advocacy
-parenting skills
-community and social programs
-police and law enforcment suppression
-religion
What does prevention mean?
To stop gangs before the occur.
What does intervention mean?
gangs already exist and strategies are developed to deal with them, hard or soft.
What does sustainability mean?
Maintain the success of programs after direct intervention is completed --means you don't walk away from program.
What are the types of state anti gang laws?
-carjacking
-drive by shootings
-enhanced penalty sentencing
-expert testimony
-gang activity forfeiture
-gang databases
-gang participation
-gang prosecution
-gang recruitmen, threats, intimidation
-gang related clothing, dress, and school uniform
-gang related definitions

ETC.
What are the gang suppression components?
1) Intelligence gathering and intensive monitoring through police presence
2) curfews, truency, informal intimidation
3) arrests, indictments, convictions
What is the meaning of “pull the lever” strategy?
-Gets in the face of gangs (zero tolerance)
-intensive antigang violence policies
What are the five components of Spergel’s multimodal strategy?
1) Mobilizing community leaders to deal with at risk youth
2) using outreach workers to engage in gangs
3) finding opportunities for at risk youth
4) gang suppression activities
5) community problem solving
What appears to be effective in dealing with gangs?
multimodal strategies.