Cj 109 7,8,9

Front 1

A perspective that focuses on the nature of the power relationships that exist between social groups and on the linfluences that various social phenomena bring to bear on the types of behaviors that tend to characterize groups of people

Back 1

Sociological Theory

Front 2

The pattern of social organization and the interrelationships among institutions characteristic of society

Back 2

Social Structure

Front 3

The interaction between and among social institutions, individuals, and groups

Back 3

Social Process

Front 4

The ongoing and typically structured interaction that occurs between persons in a society, including socialization and social behavior in general

Back 4

Social Life

Front 5

A theory that explains crim by reference to some aspect of the social fabric. These theories emphasize relationships among social institutions and describe the types of behavior that tend to characterize groups of peole rather than individuals

Back 5

Social Structure Theory

Front 6

A perspective on crime and deviance that sees society as a kind of organism and crime and deviance as a kind of disease or social pathology. These theories are often associated with the perspective of social ecology and with the Chicago School of criminology

Back 6

Social Disorganization Theory

Front 7

A condition said to exist when a group is faced with social change, uneven development of culture, maladaptiveness, disharmony, conflict, and lack of consensus

Back 7

Social Disorganization

Front 8

An approach to criminological theroizing that attempts to link the structure and organization of a human community to interactions with its localized environment

Back 8

Social Ecology

Front 9

A concept that compares society to a physical organism and that sees criminality as an illness

Back 9

Social Pathology

Front 10

The transmission of delinquency throught successive generatoins of people living in the same area through a processs of social communication

Back 10

Cultural Transmission

Front 11

A type of socialogical approach that emphasizes demographics and that sees the social disorganization that characterizes delinquency areas as a major cause of criminality and victimization

Back 11

Ecological Theory

Front 12

An ecological approach to explaining crime that examined how social disorganization contributes to social pathology

Back 12

Chicago School of Criminology

Front 13

A perspective that emphasizes the importance of geographic location and architectural features as they are associated with the prevalence of criminal victimization

Back 13

Criminology of Place

Front 14

An emerging perspective that emphasizes the importance of geographic location and architectural features as they are associated with the prevalence of criminal victimization

Back 14

Environmental Criminology

Front 15

A perspective on crime causation that holds that physical deterioration in an area leads to increased concerns for personal safety among area residents and to higher crime rates in that area

Back 15

Broken Windows Thesis

Front 16

A social condition in which norms are uncertain or lacking

Back 16

Anomie

Front 17

A sociological approach that posits a disjuncture between socially and subcultrually sanctioned means and goals as the cause of criminal behavior

Back 17

Strain Theory

Front 18

A sense of social or economic inequality experienced by those who are unable to achieve legitimate success within the surrounding society

Back 18

Relative Deprivation

Front 19

The rightful, equitable, and just distribution of rewards within a society

Back 19

Distributive Justice

Front 20

A perspective that suggests that lawbreaking bahavior is a coping mechanism that enables those who engage in it to deal with the socioemotional problems generated by negative social relations

Back 20

General Strain Theory (GST)

Front 21

Adverse emotions that derive from the experience of strain, such as anger, fear, depression, and disappointment

Back 21

Negative Affective States

Front 22

A sociological perspective on crime that suggests that the root cause of ciminality can be found in a clash of values between variously socialized groups over what is acceptable or proper behavior

Back 22

Culture Conflict Theory

Front 23

Shared expectations of a social group relative to personal conduct

Back 23

Conduct Norms

Front 24

A collection of values and preferences that is communicated to subculture participants through a process of socialization

Back 24

Subculture

Front 25

A sociological perspective that emphasizes the contribution made by variously socialized culture groups to the phenomenon of crime

Back 25

Subculture Theory

Front 26

The key values of any culture, especially the key values of a delinquent subculture

Back 26

Focal Concerns

Front 27

Culturally available justifications that can provide criminal offenders with the means to disavow responsibility for their behavior

Back 27

Techniques of Neutralization

Front 28

Subculture pathways to success that the wider society disapproves of

Back 28

Illegitimate Opportunity Structure

Front 29

The process by which a person openly rejects that which he or she wants or aspires to but cannot obtain or achieve

Back 29

Reaction Formation

Front 30

A program focusing on urban ecology and originating at the University of Chicago during the 1930s which attempted to reduce delinquency, crime, and social disorganization in transitional neighborhoods

Back 30

Chicago Area Project

Front 31

A theory that asserts that criminal behavior is learned in interaction with others and that socialization processes that occur as the result of group membership are the primary route through which learning occurs

Back 31

Social Process Theory

Front 32

A perspective that places primary emphasis upon the role of communication and socialization in the acquisition of learned patterns of criminal behavior and the values that support that behavior

Back 32

Learning Theory

Front 33

The sociological thesis that criminality, like any other form of behavior, is leanred through a process of association with others who communicate criminal values

Back 33

Differential Association

Front 34

An explanation for crime and deviance that holds that people pursue criminal or deviant behavior to the extent that they identify themselves with real or imaginary people from whose perspectice their criminal or deviant behavor seems acceptable

Back 34

Differential Identification Theory

Front 35

A perspective that predicts that when social constraints on antisocial behavior are weakened or absent, delinquent behavior emerges. Rather than stressing causative factors in criminal behavior, this theory asks why people actually obey rules instead of breaking them

Back 35

Social Control Theory

Front 36

A form of control theory that suggests that a series of both internal and external factors contributes to law-abiding behavior

Back 36

Contianment Theory

Front 37

Aspects of the social bond that act to prevent individuals from committing crimes and that keep them from engaging in deviance

Back 37

Containment

Front 38

The link, created through socialization, between individuals and the society of which they are a part

Back 38

Social Bond

Front 39

Asserts that the operation of a single mechanism, low self-control, accounts for "all crime at all times"; including acts ranging from vandalism to homicide, from rape to while-collar-crime

Back 39

General Theory of Crime

Front 40

The ammount of control to whcih a person is subject versus the amount of control that a person exterts over others

Back 40

Control Ratio

Front 41

The process whereby an individual is negatiely defined by agencies of justice

Back 41

Tagging

Front 42

Initial deviance undertaken to deal with transient problems in living

Back 42

Primary Deviance

Front 43

Deviant behavior that results from official labeling and from association with others who have been so labeled

Back 43

Secondary Deviance

Front 44

An interactionist perspective that sees continued crime as a consequence of limited opportunities for acceptale behavior that follow from the negative responses of society to those defined as offenders

Back 44

Labeling

Front 45

The efforts made by an interest group to have its sens of moral or ethical propriety enacted into law

Back 45

Moral Enterprise

Front 46

A form of shaming, imposed as a sanction by the criminal justice system, that is thought to destroy the moral bond between the offender and the community

Back 46

Stigmatic Shaming

Front 47

A form of shaming, imposed as a sanction by the criminal justice system, that is thought to strengthen the moral bond between the offender and the community

Back 47

Reintegration Sharing

Front 48

A theoretical point of view that depicts human behavior as centered around the purposeful management of interpersonal impressions

Back 48

Dramaturgical Perspective

Front 49

The intentional enactment of practiced behavior that is intended to convey to others ones desirable personal characteristics and social qualities

Back 49

Impression Management

Front 50

Information that is inconsistent with the managed impressions being communicated in a given situation

Back 50

Discredited Information

Front 51

A facility from which individuals can rarely come and go and in which communal life is intense and circumscribed. Individuals in these institutions tend to eat, sleep, play, learn, and worship together

Back 51

Total Institution

Front 52

Bonds between the individual and the social group that strengthen the likelihood of conformity. These bonds are characterized by attachment to conventional social institutions, values, and beliefs

Back 52

Prosocial Bonds

Front 53

The relationship between the maturing individual and his or her changing environment, as well as the social processes that the relationship entails

Back 53

Human Development

Front 54

An integrated view of human development that examines multiple levels of maturation simultaniously, including the psychological, biological, familial, interpersonal, cultural, societal, and ecological levels

Back 54

Social Development Perspective

Front 55

Draws attention to the fact that criminal behavior tends to follow a distinct pattern across the life cycle

Back 55

Live Course Criminology

Front 56

The longitudinal sequence of crimes committed by an individual offender

Back 56

Criminal Career

Front 57

Pathways through the age differentiated life span; the course of a person's life over time

Back 57

Life Course

Front 58

The active role that people take in their lives; the fact that people are not merely subject to social and structural constraints but actively make choices and decisions based on the alternatives that they see before them

Back 58

Human Agency

Front 59

The degree of positive relationships with others and with social institutions that individuals build up over teh course of their lives

Back 59

Social Capital

Front 60

Continuity in crime, or continual involvement in offending

Back 60

Persistence

Front 61

The cessation of criminal activity or the termination of a period of involvement in offending behavior

Back 61

Desistence

Front 62

A longitudinal (life course) study of crime and delinquency trackin a cohort of 411 boys born in London in 1953

Back 62

Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development

Front 63

A social scientific technique that sutdies over time a population with common characteristics. It usually begins at birth and traces the development of cohort members until they reach a certain age

Back 63

Cohort Analysis

Front 64

An approach to understanding crime that draws attention to the ways people develop over the course of their lives

Back 64

Evolutionary Ecology

Front 65

A theoretical approach to exploring crime and delinquency that blends social control and social learning perspectives

Back 65

Interactional Theory

Front 66

An intensive study of Chicago neighborhoods employing longitudinal evaluations to examine the changing circumstances of peoples lives in an effort to identify personal characteristics that may lead toward or away form antisocial behavior

Back 66

Project Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN)

Front 67

An analytical perspective on social organization that holds that most members of society agree about what is right and what is wrong and the various elements of society work together in unison toward a common vision of the greater good

Back 67

Consensus Model

Front 68

An analytical approach to social organization that holds that a multiplicity of values and beliefs exists in any complex society but that most social actors agree on the usefulness of law as a formal means of dispute resolution

Back 68

Pluralist Perspective

Front 69

An analytical perspective on social organization that holds that conflict is a fundamental aspect of social life itself and can never be fully resolved

Back 69

Conflict Perspective

Front 70

In Marxist theory, the working class

Back 70

Proletariat

Front 71

In marxist theory, the class of peole who own the means of production

Back 71

Bourgeoisie

Front 72

Distinctions made between individuals on the basis of important defining social characteristics

Back 72

Social Class

Front 73

A perspective that holds that the causes of crime are rooted in social conditions that empower the wealthy and the politically well organized but disenfranchise the less fortunate

Back 73

Radical Criminology

Front 74

A perspective on crime and crime causation based on the writings of Karl Marx

Back 74

Marxist Criminology

Front 75

A perspective that holds that the structural institutions of society influence the behavior of individuals and groups by virtue of the type of relationships created

Back 75

Structural Marxism

Front 76

A perspective that holds that those in power intentionally creat laws and social institutions that serve their own interests that keep others from becoming powerful

Back 76

Instrumental Marxism

Front 77

A perspective that holds that crime is the natural product of a capitalist system

Back 77

Critical Criminology

Front 78

An approach to the subject matter of criminology based on ideas inherent in the perspective of left realism

Back 78

Left-Realist Criminology

Front 79

A conflict perspective that insists on a pragmatic assessment of crime and its associated problems

Back 79

Left Realism

Front 80

A self-conscious corrective model intended to redirect the thinking of mainstream criminologists to include gender awareness

Back 80

Feminist Criminology

Front 81

The tradition of male dominance

Back 81

Patriarchy

Front 82

A single-sex perspective, as in the case of criminologists who study only the criminality of males

Back 82

Androcentricity

Front 83

A perspective that holds that any significant change in the social status of women can be accomplished only through substantial changes in social institutions such as the family, law, and and medicine

Back 83

Radical Femenism

Front 84

A perspective that holds that the concerns of women can be incorporated withint existing social institutions through conventional means and without the need to drastically restructure society

Back 84

Liberal Femenism

Front 85

A perspective that examines social roles and the gender-based division of labor within the family, seeing both as a significant source of womens subordination within society

Back 85

Socialist Femenism

Front 86

A perspective that holds that the distribution of crime and delinquency within society is to some degree founded upon the consequences that power relationships within the wider society hold for domestic settings and for the everday relationships among men, women, and children within the context of family life

Back 86

Power-Control Theory

Front 87

The observed differences between male and femal rates of criminal offending in a given society, such as the United States

Back 87

Gender Gap

Front 88

A brand of criminology that developed following WWII and that builds on the tenets inherent in postmodern social though

Back 88

Postmodern Criminology

Front 89

A postmodern perspective that challenges existing criminological theories in order to debunk them and that works toward replacing traditional ideas with concepts seen as more appropriate to the postmodern era

Back 89

Deconstructionist Theory

Front 90

A perspective that holds that crime control agencies and the citizens they serve should work together to alleviate social problems and human suffering and thus reduce crime

Back 90

Peacemaking Criminology

Front 91

An approach to crime control that focuses on effective ways for developing a shared consensus on critical issues that could seriously affect the quality of life

Back 91

Peace Model

Front 92

A relatively informal type of criminal justice case processing that makes use of local community resources rather than requiring traditional forms of offical intervention

Back 92

Participatroy Justice

Front 93

A postmodern perspective that stresses remedies and restoration rather than prison, punishment and victim neglect

Back 93

Restorative Justice

Front 94

A new radical paradigm consisting of writings on the subject matter of criminology by convicted felons and ex-inmates who have acquired academic credentials, or who are associated with credentialled others

Back 94

Convict Criminology