Civil War Era Ap Us History

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Gang-Labor System

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A system of work discipline used on southern cotton plantations in the mid 19th century. Overseers supervised slaves. To increase output.

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Secret Ballot

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before 1890, americans voted in public. People then decided to vote in private.

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Manifest Destiny

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1845, John L. O'Sullivan, American Republican across the continent was part of gods plan for the world. In late 19th century, it also focused on overseas expansion.

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Conscience Whigs

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whigs in the north that were morally against slavery, were a big part in forming the Republican Party, (Sumner was a big part of this)

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Free-Soil Movement

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The Free-Soil Party was organized by anti-slavery men in the north, democrats who were resentful at Polk's actions, and some conscience Whigs. The Free-Soil Party was against slavery in the new territories. They also advocated federal aid for internal improvements and urged free government homesteads for settlers. This Free-Soil Party foreshadowed the emergence of the Republican party.

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Personal Liberty Law

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Laws the forbade state officials to assist in the capture and return of runaways.

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Total Wars

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A conflict of unlimited scope in which a belligerent engages in a mobilization of all available resources at their disposal, whether human, industrial, agricultural, military, natural, technological, or otherwise, in order to entirely destroy or render beyond use of their rival's capacity to continue resistance.

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Habeas Corpus

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a citizen's right to be brough promptly before a judge and told why he has been arrested; this is a Constitutional right which Lincoln suspended during the Civil War. Sometimes the government does things like this during times of war and in hindsight, it rarely looks like the right thing

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King Cotton

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The term used to describe cotton's economic, agricultural, political, and social dominance in the South; South's chief export and major source of income for the whole country

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Greenbacks

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Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war

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Pocket Veto

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A legislative maneuver in federal lawmaking that allows the President to indirectly veto a bill by figuratively "carrying it in his pocket" until the deadline for signing it has passed.

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Black Codes

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laws made in 1865-66 enacted by Southern state legislatures to give whites power over blacks; these laws were overrideen by Congress when the powers of the Freedman's Bureau were widened and when the First Civil Rights Act was passed in 1866 in defense of African American rights.

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Suffrage

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right to vote

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Impeachment

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is to accuse a public official of misconduct in office. The Jeffersonians were angry about a ruling made by Chief Justice John Marshall. The House of Representatives attempted to # the unpopular Supreme Court Justice, Samuel Chase. Although there were enough votes in the House of Representatives, the Senate did not have enough. Since this attempt in 1804, there has been no serious attempt to impeach members of the Supreme Court.

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Poll Tax

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a tax of a fixed amount per person and payable as a requirement for the right to vote

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Domesticity

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Men dominated American families. They were legal guardians of the children, owned whatever family members produced or earned, and had the legal authority to oppose his daughter's choice of husband. In the 1830's women gained the right to own and convey property, write a will, and keep possession of her own property instead of giving it her husband. Divorce also was liberalized by states. A woman who achieved mastery in religion, morality, domestic arts, and music and literature lived up to the middle class ideal of the cult of domesticity.

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Sharecropping

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a system of work for freedmen who were employed in the cotton industry. This system traded a freedmen's labor for the use of a house, land, and sometimes further accommodations.They would usually give half or more of their grown crop to their landlords.

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Lien

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System that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested crops to pay back their loans.

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Peonage

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power of elected officials to grant government jobs to supporters.

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Scalawags

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term for a southern white in the post-civil war era the supported reconstruction.

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Carpetbaggers

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A derogatory term applied to Northerners who migrated south during the Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own fortunes by buying up land from desperate Southerners and by manipulating new black voters to obtain lucrative government contracts.

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Desegregation

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the abolishment of racial segregation, which happened due to the work of Civil Rights leaders such as Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

Down South, Jim Crow laws still segregated the races. Though able to vote on paper, only about 20% of southern blacks were actually registered to vote.

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Classical Liberals

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Classical Liberalism / Laissez Faire was an economic and governmental policy that called for limited government, property rights, natural rights, the protection of civil liberties, free trade, freedom of the press, and freedom of religion. This policy was first developed by John Locke and was beliefs of the Founding Fathers. The Jeffersonians and Jacksonians also practiced laissez-faire policies. ECONOMIC & POLITICAL

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Home Rule

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A rallying cry used by southern Democrats painting Reconstruction governments as illegitimate—imposed on the South—and themselves as the only party capable of restoring the South to "home rule." By 1876, northern Republicans were inclined to accept this claim.