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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What civil rights origins were in WWII?
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In WWII, there was a labor shortage of white males so that opened up new job opportunities for blacks, latinos and women. Second, blacks served alongside whites in the army. Thirds, on the home front, activists protested for voting rights and against Jim Crow laws. Roosevelt issued directive prohibiting discrimination by federal agencies.
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How did the desegregation of the military affect the civil rights movement?
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The desegregation of the military was Truman's act to integrate the military. This began a whole new era in the civil rights movement. They started trying to pass acts by law in court.
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What was Brown v.Board of Education about and why was it important?
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Brown v. Board of Education, 1954, Supreme court rules that segregation in schools was unconstitutional, violated the 14th amendment.
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Who were the Little Rock NIne?
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The Little Rock Nine were 9 African American kids that were to integrate the Little Rock central high school. They were met with an angry white mob ready to do anything to stop them. This crisis led to the the National Guard going to Little Rock. At the end of the school year, they closed the high school down rather than integrate it. This in turn led to the passage of the 1957 Civil Rights Act.
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What were the Montgomery Bus boycotts?
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The Montgomery Bus boycotts were when African American riders stopped riding the buses to protest segregation after Rosa Parks was arrested. This led to the Supreme Court decision in 1956 that segregation on buses was illegal.
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What was the Southern Christian Leadership Conference?
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The Southern Christian Leadership Conference was a group that planned to stage NON-VIOLENT protests and demonstrations throughout the South for civil rights. (Not run by Students) Grass roots movement.
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What were sit ins?
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Sit ins were when African American sat down at segregated lunch counters and refuse to leave until they were served. Sit ins by SNCC students became numerous and make people all across the country confront racism, it helped desegregation.
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What was the student non-violent coordinating committee?
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The student non-violent coordinating committee was national protest group started by Ella Baker of the NAACP. (Run by Students) Students thought the pace of segregation was too slow, increased activism.
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What were the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960?
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The Civil Rights Act of 1957 established a federal commission on Civil Rights, enlarged the federal power to protect voting rights, and established a Civil Rights division in the Justice Department to enforce the Civil Rights laws
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Who were the Freedom Riders?
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The Freedom Riders were African Americans who rode on segregated buses across the South, were attacked, beaten, firebombed on the buses, and eventually led forced the federal government to protect them. These freedom riders led the government to ban segregation on all interstate travel facilities.
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Who was James Meredith?
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James Meredith was an Air Force veteran who won a court case to go to an all-white school in Mississippi. He was not allowed to register and riots broke out and federal forces had to intervene.
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What happened in Birmingham Alabama in 1963?
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In 1963, King and other organized a massive protest in Birmingham. Birmingham was completely segregated. MLK led the protests over a course of a month. Many blacks were beaten, jailed, attacked with dogs, all on national TV. The outrage was felt around the country and Birmingham yielded. Victory for civil rights.
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Why was Kennedy's address in June, 1963 important?
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Kennedy's address in June 1963 demanded that Congress pass a civil rights bill.
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Describe the March on Washington in August 1963
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The March on Washington had 750,00 people, demanding the passage of the civil rights bill. One highlight was MLK's "I Have a Dream" speech.
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What was the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination because of race, religion, national origin, and gender. It gave all citizens the right to enter public libraries, parks, washroons, restaurants, theaters and other public accomidations. Passed by Lyndon Johnson.
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What was the Freedom Summer of 1964?
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The Freedom summer of 1964 hoped to influence and pass the Voting Rights Act and help African Americans to register and vote.
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What was the March on Selma?
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The March on Selma began March 7, 1965 with 600 protesters marching from Selma to Montgomery for voting rights in Alabama. On TV, they were attacked by police. This led to people across the country going to Selma, a second protest march of 25,000 people with federal protection and that summer, the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
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What did the 24th amendment to the constitution do?
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The 24th amendment in 1965 made poll taxes unconstitutional.
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What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 do?
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The Voting Rights Act of 1965 eliminated the literacy tests at the polls, allowed federal official to enroll voters that had been denied the right to vote by local officials.
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What is Affirmative Action?
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Affirmative Action are programs that involve hiring for jobs or enrolling in schools, groups that are discriminated against.
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What were Urban Riots?
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Outbreaks of violence in the cities in the North between most black inner city residents and white police forces. Black were frustrated with the "de facto segregation" that existed everywhere, the gaps in social and economic powers that existed even while they were gaining legal rights.
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What was the Kerner Commission?
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The Kerner Commission was President Johnson's commission to study the causes of urban violence. It called for an end of de facto segregation, new jobs and housing for african americans. But the Johnson administration ignored most of the report.
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What was Black Power?
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Black Power was a call for black people to begin to define their own goals and to lead their own organizations (started by stokley carmicheal)
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Who was Malcom X
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Malcom X was a civil rights leader who converted to Islam, preached that whites were the cause of black's problems and advocated separation from white society, self defense. He was a fundamentally different type of civil rights leader than MLK. After his pilgrimage to Mecca, he changed, moving away from violence against white to civil action. He was shot and killed in 1965.
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Who was Stokely Carmichael?
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Stokely Carmichael was a civil rights leader, he was more militant than MLK, want "black power", blacks to set their own agenda.
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Who were the Black Panthers?
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The Black Panthers were a political party founded in 1967 in Oakland, CA to fight police brutality in the ghetto. Advocated for black self sufficiency.
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What happened to MLK?
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MLK was assasinated in Memphis on April 4, 1968. The nation exploded in riots protesting King's death.
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Describe what happened in the riots of 1968
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The riots of 1968 following the death of MLK, occurred in over 100 cities.
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What was the Southern Strategy?
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The Southern Strategy was Nixon's attempt to attract formerly Democratic voters to the Republican party in the 1972 election by slowing desegregation, reversing civil rights policies like school desegregation, opposed the extension of the Voting Rights Act and appointing conservative justices to the Supreme Court. He appointed four justices to the SC, including Chief Justice Burger, to make the court more conservative.
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What was Nixon's Law and Order strategy?
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Nixon's Law and Order strategy was using all federal powers against Americans who were rioting, causing civil unrest and protesting. Stop demonstrations, appeal to the silent majority (80% of voters who did not want to make a scene but were tire of the demonstrations.)
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Who were Carter's key government appointments?
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Carter's government appointments included Andrew Young, first African American ambassador to the United Nations. He appointed 28 African Americans, 29 women and 14 Latinos to the Justice Department alone.
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What was the California v BAkke case about?
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California v. Bakke was about racial quotas. Bakke applied to med school, did not get in and challenged the constitutionality of the racial quota system that reserved 16 out of 100 spaces in the med school class for racial minorities. The court rule that the quota system was unconstitutional but that schools could consider race as a factor in admissions.
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What were the origins of the women's rights movments
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The origins of the women's rights movement were 1920s, right to vote, WWII, more woman worked, by 1960 40% women worked outside the home, rise of feminism.
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Who was Betty Friedan?
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Betty Freidan was the author of The Feminine Mystique (1957), one of the first books about women's rights.
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How was the women's rights movement related to the civil rights movement?
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The women's rights movement was affected by the activism of the 60 (political, anti-war, civil rights), they made woman more aware of discrimination against them and showed them ways to organize.
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How did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 affect women's rights?
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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, national origin and GENDER. Howard Smith added the gender to this law.
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What was the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission?
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The EEOC was created under the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to handle discrimination claims. Helped defend people who were victims of job discrimination and racist or sexist hiring practices.
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What was the National Organization of Women?
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NOW was formed in 1966 by Betty Friedan and 28 other women to help women: pushed for child care, gender discrimination claims under EEOC, job equality for women. By 1970 it had 175,000 members.
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What was the Equal Rights Amendment?
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The ERA was was a constitutional amendment adopted by Congress in 1972 that would guarantee woman and men the same rights and protections under the law. It needed to be passed by 38 states to become part of the Constitution. It failed, only 35 states passed it in large part because of the opposition of the New Right and conservatives led by Phyllis Schlafly.
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What was Roe v. Wade about?
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Roe v. Wade was about abortion rights. Specifically, it gave a woman the right to choose abortion during the first three months of pregnancy and later, depending on certain circumstances. 1973
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What was the 1924 Snyder Indian citizenship act?
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The Snyder Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 granted citizenship to all Native Americans but they remained second class citizens.
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What was the termination policy?
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The termination policy was Eisenhower's native american policy whereby the federal government decided to give up responsibility for the native american tribes. it eliminated federal economic supports, discontinued the reservation system, distributed tribal lands among individual Native Americans. It moved others to cities. End of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. It was a terrible failure. The termination policy was abandoned in 1963.
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What were the conditions in the 1960s like for Native Americans?
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High unemployment, alcoholism, poverty.
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What was the American Indian Movement?
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The American Indian Movement was a militant Native American rights organizaiton. It began as a organization to protect Native Americans from police brutality and enlarged to general Native American rights. Took over Alcatraz and the Bureau of Indian Affairs to raise recognition of the Indian discrimination.
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What was Indian Self Determination Act?
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The Indian Self Determination Act was passed in 1972 and
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What was the Indian Education Assistance Act?
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The Indian Education Assistance Act was passed in 1975 and let Indians run their own schools.
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Describe native american movement towards autonomy in the 1980s
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in the 1980s Native Americans won court battles that provided legal recognition of their tribal lands and financial compensation.
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What was the Bracero program?
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The Bracero program was a federal program in 1942 that allowed Mexicans to work in the US as hired hands during the labor shortage of WWII. It went from 1942-1947, many Mexicans remained in US illegally thereafter.
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Describe the conditions for Hispanics in the 1960s.
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SECOND CLASS CITIZENS. In the 1960s, Hispanics faced ethnic prejudice and discrimination in jobs and housing. Most lived in segregated neighborhoods (Barrios), Spanish speaking. The Latino jobless rate was 50% higher than whites, same with the poverty rate. In the 1960's Latinos began to press for change and for cultural recognition.
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Who was Cesar Chavez?
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Cesar Chavez was a Mexican-American who organized unions for California' Spanish speaking farm workers. He formed the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee, leading to better wages and working conditions for laborers. Famous for his hunger strikes and boycotts.
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Who were the Brown Berets and what was Brown Power?
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The Brown Berets were a community group in Los Angeles in 1968 of students who were demanding better education opportunities and the establishment of Chicano studies programs at universities.
Brown power was the term used to refer to Latinos organizing to demand their rights across the country during the 1960s. Like the Black Panthers for Latinos. |
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What was La Raza Unida Party?
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La Raza Unida party was the Mexican-Americans United Party founded in 1970, the beginning of the independent Latino political movement. It helped Latino candidates get elected to political office.
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What were urban riots?
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Outbreaks of violence in the cities in the North between most black inner city residents and white police forces. Black were frustrated with the "de facto segregation" that existed everywhere, the gaps in social and economic powers that existed even while they were gaining legal rights.
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