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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is the definition of civil Rights?
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Positive actions governments use to protect individuals against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by other governments or persons based on categories. Examples race, gender, age, religion, sexual orientation, disability. The Constitution and its Amendments will be the basis to all U.S. laws.
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Positive Action By States
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1619
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Slavery begins in Virginia as English settlers support the African slave trade.
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Slavery in Virginia
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1770
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Boston Massacre (march 5th) included American black Bostian Crispus Attacks.
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Boston Massacre
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1776
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Second continental congress rejects Thomas Jefferson's call for an end to slavery
The Declaration of Independence is Ratified with out a declared end to slavery of blacks. |
Second Continental Congress
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1787
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Framers of the U.S. constitution continue to allow states to continue enslavement of Black Americans.
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Enslavement of Black Americans
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1799
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George Washington dies and frees the slaves on his plantation in his legal will.
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George Washington Dies
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1815-1860
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Abolitionism becomes the top reform movement.
Never more than 1/4 of 1 million in the north. |
Abolitionism becomes the top reform movement.
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1826
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Thomas Jefferson dies and and frees his slaves at Monticello in his legal will.
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Thomas Jefferson Dies
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1831-1848
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John Quincy Adams rises to prominence in congress and in opposition to slavery. Serves as defense in the famous Amistad case.
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John Quincy Adams rises to prominence
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1848
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The Seneca Fall Convention
This was the first woman's rights convention. It also called for an end to slavery. |
The Seneca Fall Convention
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1850
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The Fugitive Slave Law:
Congress requires police in free states to return fugitive slaves to there masters in the south. |
The Fugitive Slave Law
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1852
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Uncle Tom's Cabin is written by Harriet Beecher Stowe. This masterpiece moves northers to oppose slavery.
President Lincoln will famously say so your the little lady who started this great war. |
Uncle Tom's Cabin
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1854
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The Kansas-Nebraska Act, sponsored by Senator Stephen Douglas, this would rip open the slavery debate.
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The Kansas-Nebraska Act
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1857
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Scott v. Sanford
Declares the comprise of 1820 was wrong to outlaw the spread of slavery. |
Scott v. Sanford
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1858
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In Illinois U.S. race, Abraham Lincoln debates Stephen Douglas; Lincoln says slavery hurts the U.S.
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Lincoln v. Douglas Debates
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1859
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John Brown with with White and Black Evangelical abolitionists attack the federalist arsenal at Harper's Ferry in West Virginia is Captured. John Brown expresses no regret and is publicly hanged by Union Troops lead by Robert E. Lee.
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John Brown
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1861-65
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Civil War
Also known as the War between States ("War of Northern Aggression") The Civil War was the most expensive war ever, more expensive in terms in lives and money than any other. North - 100,000+ blacks fight for the Norths 22 million population. At Wars end 1/10th Union troops = black. South - no blacks/slaves fight 5 million whites control 4 million blacks during 4 year war in South. |
Civil War
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1863
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Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln declares an end to slavery in the South if war continues. |
Emancipation Proclamation
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1865
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Lincoln is assassinated
This moves the north to impose a Harsh Peace on the South. Lincoln becomes a Martyr |
Lincoln is assassinated
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1865-77
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"Reconstruction"
All observers agree that this federal effort was a failure. |
"Reconstruction"
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1865
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Freedman's Bureau
Post Civil War effort to begin employment of former slaves. 13th Amendment is passed formerly/legally ends slavery in America. |
Freedman's Bureau
13th Amendment |
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1868
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14th amendment circumvents Scott v. Sanford; and gives blacks U.S. citizenship it applies "Due Process" Clause & and Equal Protection Clause (Federal Law) to states.
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14th amendment
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1870
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15th amendment circumvents "Scott v. Sanford" (1857) and gives blacks U.S. citizenship; it applies "Due Process" Clause and "Equal Protection" Clause (Federal Law) to States.
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15th amendment
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1870
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15th Amendment
Former male slaves are given the right to vote. Black and White Women are not given the right to vote. |
15th Amendment
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1875
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Civil Right Act of 1875
Last law passed by Congress to guarantee full civil rights to African-American until 1875 when Congress passed the first 20th century civil rights act. |
Civil Right Act of 1875
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1876
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U.S. v. Cruikshank held 14th Amendment could not be used to protect former slaves who wished to vote from violent public harassment by private (White) Individuals.
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U.S. v. Cruikshank
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1877
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Northern occupying troops removed from the South.
Blacks become unofficial slaves. Jim Crow segregation laws reemerge (de jure segregation) throughout the South. e.g., interracial marriage, segregation in schools and transportation, restrictions in employment, and unequal punishments based upon race for violations of law. |
Jim Crow segregation laws
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1882
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Pace v. Alabama
Holds states may impose more severe punishments for adultery and fornication between persons of differnt races than those of the same race. |
Pace v. Alabama
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1883
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U.S. v Harris
holds 14th Amendment applies to discrimination by state governments not to discrimination by private individuals. The Civil Rights Cases held Congress could not punish discrimination by private persons only discriminatory actions by states. |
U.S. v Harris
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1895
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Fredrick Douglas Dies
Had been Americas number one abolitionist leader for more that sixty years. W.E.B DuBois calls for an end to Jim Crow laws (first African American to Earn a PH.D). Booker T. Washington stresses moderation and cooperation with dominate white population. |
Fredrick Douglas Dies
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1896
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Plessy v. Ferguson
Supreme Court eight to one opinion upholds Jim Crow laws; it established "separate but equal" legal doctrine which would be law for 58 years. |
Plessy v. Ferguson
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1903
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Souls of Black Folk by W.E.B.
Argues that blacks must act forcefully to become free. |
Souls of Black Folk by W.E.B.
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1908
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Burea College v. Kentucky
held "separate but equal" doctrine applied to public schools. |
Burea College v. Kentucky
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1909
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is Organized to use the courts.
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National Association for the Advancement
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1910
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Bailey v. Alabama held 13th and 14th amendments deny states power to punish defaulting and or deserting sharecroppers for "obtaining credit under false premises"
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Bailey v. Alabama
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1912
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The Man Farthest Down by Booker T Washington urged moderation in seeking rights.
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The Man Farthest Down
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1913
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President Woodrow Wilson (Democrat & Progressive) continues segregation.
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President Woodrow Wilson
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1917-18
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U.S. enters WWI - 3 million American soldiers, with a segregated military.
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WWI
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1917
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Buchanan v. Warley declares illegal state-and-city-imposed residential segregation.
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Buchanan v. Warley
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1920
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19th amendment gives all women the right to vote.
Black/ white women are given the right to vote in federal elections. |
19th amendment
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1924
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Congress by Statute gives native Americans Federal Citizenship plus voting rights.
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native Americans
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1927
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Nixon v. Herndon
Held the 14th amendment denies states power to exclude blacks from the right to vote in elections. i.e. white-only elections deny "equal protection of the laws" |
Nixon v. Herndon
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1933-45
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FDR tolerates segregation, but allows his wife Eleanor to act against segregation.
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FDR
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1932
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Powell v. Alabama held the 14th amendment denies states power to exclude blacks from the right to vote in Federal Elections.
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Powell v. Alabama
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1935
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Norris v. Alabama
Held states cannot allow the systematic exclusion of possible jurors who are of the same race as the defendants. |
Norris v. Alabama
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1936
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Brown v Mississippi
held that the use of a confession extorted from the accused by brutality and violence is a denial of the 14th Amendment's guarantee of Due Process. |
Brown v Mississippi
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1938
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Missouri ex rel. Gaines Canada
held a state cannot give cash grants to students who attended law school in non-segergated states as the Equal Protection clause is violated; plaintiff Loyd Gaines soon disappeared mysteriously and was never heard from again... |
Missouri ex rel. Gaines Canada
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1939
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Marian Anderson allowed to sing at the Lincoln Memorial, with aid of Presidents Wife.
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Marian Anderson
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1941-45
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U.S. fights WWI with a segregated military; black soldiers led by white officers.
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WWI
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1946
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President Truman issued Executive Order 9809 created the committees on Civil Rights that soon issued a 178-page report citing acts of racial discrimination in government.
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Executive Order 9809
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1947
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Jackie Robinson the first African-American to integrate major league baseball. Republican-controlled Congress refuses to anti-lynching law of Black Americans.
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1984
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Hubert Humphrey, Key Note Speaker at Democratic National Convention., Calls for an end to segregation. Election of President of President of President Harry Truaman; he had supported strong civil right legislation. Shelly v. Kramer holds 14th Amendment denies state legal power to enforce private restrictive housing convents that deny "equal protection" to all persons of color. President Harry Truman issues executive order to racially integrate the U.S. military. Truman used presidential power to promote civil rights far more than other presidents. He issued Order 9981 ordering equal treatment/ opportunity in U.S. military.
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Hubert Humphrey
Harry Truaman Shelly v. Kramer Order 9981 |
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1950
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McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents held 9-0 the 14th amendment of the constitution "Equal Protection Clause" prohibits states from providing substantially equal accommodations that are separate; Justices chose not to address constitutionality of the "separate but equal" doctrine.
Sweat v. Painter held 9-0 that law schools for whites and black violates the 14th amendment's Equal Protection Clause. |
McLaurin v. Oklahoma
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1950-53
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Korean War fought with first racial integrated U.S. military.
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Korean War
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1951
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Executive Order 10308 order an end to discrimination in all governmental contracts.
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Executive Order 10308
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1953
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Earl Warren becomes the chief justice of the supreme court, and has Brown v. Board rearguard.
District of Columbia v. John B Thompson held 9-0 that the 14th amendment's equal protection clause required "well behaved persons of color" could not be denined service; soon Washingtons restaurants, hotels motion picture houses, swimming pools and bowling alleys all began to open there doors to African Americans and other people of color. |
Earl Warren
Brown v. Board |
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1954
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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas.
Held that separate but equal doctrine violate the 14th amendment of the Constitution's Equal Protection Clause as applied to taxpayers supporting public schools. Brown directly overturned by name Plessy v. Fergusson (1896). Brown consulate cases from Kansas and Delaware, South Carolina and Virginia, and Washington D.C. |
Brown v. Board
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1955
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Brown v. Board of Education Topeka (Brown II) declared that public school officials could use "all deliberate speed" to comlpy with the court's 1954 Brown ruling. Rosa Parks sits in "whites-only" seats on bus, and begins bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama. Reverend martin Luther King Jr (age 27) emerges as leading voice of non-violence protest. Emit Till (black youth age 14) is murdered in Mississippi; white suspects gloat when the all white jury find them "not guilty". Many Americans fell ashamed and embarrassed.
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Brown v. Board II
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1956
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Brown v. Gayle upheld (9-0) a lower federal court case holding that the 14th amendment's Equal Protection Clause outlaws segregated taxpayer-supported city bus systems.
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Brown v. Gayle
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1957
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President Eisenhower sends troops to Arkansas and "federalizes" state national guard. Civil Rights Act is opposed by a 24 hour plus filibuster by senator Stromm Thurmond.
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Eisenhower / Thurmond
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1958
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Cooper v. Aaron reaffirmed (9-0) Brown v Board. Outlawing" Separate but equal Cooper reasserted that the U.S. Constitution's "Supremacy Clause" (Article VI, Section 2) declared a federal judges ruling could not be ignored/overruled by a Governor of a state.
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Cooper v. Aaron
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1960
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First "sit-ins" at lunch counters begin by non-violent student protesters. (John Lewis)
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First "sit-ins"
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1961
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First freedom rides begin with racially-integrated groups entering South; Buses burned University of Georgia racially integrated.
(Charlene hunter Gault) |
First freedom rides
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1962
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University of Mississippi racially integrated (James Merdith); some protesters killed. W.E.B DuBois dies at the age of ninety three in Africa (Ghana); he had left the U.S. angry at racism.
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University of Mississippi
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1963
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New Governor George Wallace deplored federal laws to integrate; he declared in acceptance speech "Segregation tomorrow, and segregation forever," Birmingham, Alabama; violent police response to non-violent protectors persuades JFK to speak on national TV and call for congress to enact a landmark Civil Rights law. University of Alabama racially integrated- after Governor Wallace briefly blocks doorway; President Kennedy "federalized" Alabama national guard to enforce court order.
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George Wallace / JFK
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1963
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Medger Evers (NAACP Miss. St. Dir) shot/ killed in drive way of home after TV appearance. Dr. King's "I have a dream" speech moves one quarter of a million to the Mall in Washington D.C. nation and congress. The bombing of the sixteenth street baptist church in Birmingham, Ala., kills four young girls KK JFK assassinated VP (Texan) LBJ becomes President and will call for Civil Rights laws. President Lyndon Johnson calls for new laws to outlaw discrimination based on race.
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Medger Evers
Dr. King's |
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1964
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24th amendment outlawed poll taxes as anti-democratic and unfair to the poor. Griffin v. School Board of Prince Edward County held government cannot close public schools to stop intergration because 14th Amendment guarantees Equal Protection. Civil Rights Act (Tittle VII) outlaws discrimination based on race and gender. LBJ predicts his support of Civil Rights laws will end based on race and gender. LBJ predicts his support of Civil Rights laws will end Democrats' control of "Solid South" Heart of Atlanta Motel v. U.S. (1964 upholds 9-0 1964 Civil Rights Ac ; Commerce clause (Art I, Section 8 Clause 3) is cited i.e. racial discrimination hurts U.S. business.
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24th amendment
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1965
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LBJ in State of Union Address, declares that "we shall overcome" racism/segregation; LBJ declares the need for "Affirmative Action"/ using government as a legal tool to end past wrongs. Malcolm X is assassinated in Harlem after speaking out for racial intergration. Selma, Alabama beatings by state troopers at Edmund Pettis bridge seen on U.S. T.V; March 7th beatings of non-violent protesters angers LBJ and moves Congress to action; Civil Rights Act/ Voting Rights Act enacted and renewed in 2006 by congress
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"we shall overcome"
"Affirmative Action" Malcolm X |
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1967
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Loving v. Virginia outlawed (9-0) 17 state laws prohibiting inter-racial marriage as a violation of the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause; 30 states once had such laws; Utah repealed in 1963, Arizona repealed in in 1962, and Nevada repealed in 1959. Thurgood Marshall nominated by LBJ as the first African American justice on the U.S. Supreme Court.
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Loving v. Virginia
Thurgood Marshall |
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1968
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Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Assassinated in Memphis; Congress quickly passes the 1968 Civil Rights Act which outlaws discrimination in all housing. However, "de facto" segregation( socio-economic housing in neighborhoods) will continue. Richard Nixon elected President- Winning the South with his "Southern Strategy"
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Dr. Martin Luther King
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1969
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President Nixon begins cutting LBJ's "Great Society Programs" (benign neglect)
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Nixon
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1970
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Equal Rights Amendment approved by 35 states - 3 states short of ratification.
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Equal Rights Amendment
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1972
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Title IX of Federal Education Amendment to the 1964 Civil Rights Act requires substantially equal spending for young women in college and university sports.
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Title IX of Federal Education Amendment
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1976
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Craig v. Boren (1976) held liquor laws must require same age for men and women.
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Craig v. Boren
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1978
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Regents of U.C. Davis v. Bakke held 5-4 "affirmative action" legal but not quotas.
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Regents of U.C. Davis v. Bakke
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1990
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Americans With Disability Act (ADA) end all discrimination against the disabled.
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ADA
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1991
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Clarence Thomas confirmed as second ever African-American Justice on U.S. Supreme Court.
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Clarence Thomas
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1993
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Harris v. Forklift Systems (1993) outlaws (9-0) sexual harassment in the workplace.
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Harris v. Forklift Systems
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1996
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Romer v. Evans declares a state cannot discriminate against an identified group.
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Romer v. Evans
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1997
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Olmstead v. L.C. upholds designation of "special accommodation for the disabled.
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Olmstead v. L.C.
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2003
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Lawerence v. Texas overturn 6-3 Bower v. Hardwick (1986) and all "sodomy" laws
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Lawerence v. Texas
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2003
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Gratz v. Bollinger overturns 5-4 University of Michigan's admissions program with quotas.
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Gratz v. Bollinger
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2003
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Grutter v. Bollinger upholds 6-3 University of Michigan's law school admissions program.
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Grutter v. Bollinger
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