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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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14th Ammendment
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1868 - gave all born in America citizenship rights.
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15th amendment
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1870 gave all citizens voting rights regardless of race.
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Plessy vs. Ferguson
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(1896) - œseparate but equal
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Southern states introduced which laws in early 20th century that did what?
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jim crow' laws meaning education, healthcare, transport and public services segregated in south. In north racism and ghettoisation
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black men had joined the army in WWII
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1.2m
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Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)
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1941 forcing industries in the war effort to employ all races
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During WWII the black population…
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was urbanised with 48% in urban areas post war and 500,000 blacks migrated north
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In the north black populations had what and where
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16 states with the balance of power
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How many African Americans were voted to congress between when?
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2 between 1943 and 1955
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appointed a federal judge
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William Haist was in 1949
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Unemplyoment during war
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fell 900,000 to 150,000 but no equal pay and black unemployment 10% to 6% white in New York
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Housing situation in 1945
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In washington 40% housing for blacks substandard but only 12% for whites
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To Secure These Rights
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(1947) put forward many recommendations but nothing came of it
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In ----On average black workers got -- cents an hour compared to -- for whites. White teachers paid almost ---- ----- black teachers.
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1947 / 47/ 65/ three times
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In armed forces what was different for blacks and whites
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In 1947 1 in 70 blacks promoted but 1 in 7 whites
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Truman did what apart from armed forces?
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Created CGCC but lacked funding, appointed Ralph Bunche to UN, desegregated crowd and inauguration and airport restaurant.
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Truman desegregated the Armed forces and elected…
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in June 1948 and elected in 1949 committed to Civil Rights
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Smith v. Allwright
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(1944) “ White primaries illegal
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Morgan v. Virginia
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(1946) “ Interstates bus segregation illegal
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CORE's…early on…?
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Journey of reconcilliation in 1947 showed Morgan vs. Virginia ignored
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In Arkansas black voters increased from
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1.5% in 1940 to 17.3% in 1947
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In ----- --- was spent on black children per year compared to ---- on white
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1949 / $43 / $179
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Sweatt v. Painter
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(1950) “ Sweatt forced to be accepted into law school
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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
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(1954) “separate but equal" no longer applied after Supreme Court ruling. Earl Warren, sympathetic judge in Supreme Court.
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How many had joined white citzens councils?
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250,000 people had joined these councils by 1956.
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Disgraceful white backlash to Brown..
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Emmett Till lynched in 1955, NAACP outlawed in Alabama as well as Southern Manifesto
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Senator ---- called for ˜massive resistance' to desegregation and he led --- southern Congressman in the -------- ------- arguing against the Brown ruling.
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Byrd/101/Southern Manifesto
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Brown II (
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(1955) “ desegregation with œall deliberate speed shows de facto was slow
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By ---- only ---- --- ----- southern districts were desegregated, only --- southern blacks in mixed schools. Even by ---- --- remained segregated.
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1957 / 750 of 6300 / 3% / 1968 58%
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Segregation continued in 1955 because…
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Congress opposed integration, Eisenhower felt impossible to force, southern governors and police resisted, white racists quick to organise, CORE and NAACP imperfect
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Montgomery bus boycott
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(1955-56) - The campaign hit bus companies hard, they lost 65% of revenue, 85% of African American's took part on Montgomery. Organised by MIA.
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Browder v. Gayle
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(1956) Segregation of buses illegal.
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Significance of MBB
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economic power of blacks, popular action with legal campaign, media help, MLK's leadership, Supreme Court support, established SCLC.
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Little Rock Campaign
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(1957) Governor Faubus and Eisenhower's intervention showed still de facto segregation
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Cooper v. Aaron
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(1958) court ruling that accompanied Little Rock.
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Greensboro sit-ins
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1960 - by the end of 1961 810 towns had desegregated their public places, SNCC formed
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Freedom Rides
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(1961) Tested Morgan v. Virginia and Kennedy enforced desegregation, good cooperation between CORE, SNCC and SCLC.
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Albany Movement
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(1961-62) failed to gain anything and led to some divisions over use of violence but tactics were learnt.
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James Meredith and the University of Mississippi
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(1962) Meredith not allowed to enrol Kennedy sent federal troops to protect and he enrolled.
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The Birmingham Campaign
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(1963) started slowly but then students and youths recruited and on 3rd May many arrested and blasted with fire hydrants. Media images shocked US and Kennedy approved ending segregation once and for all.
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March on Washington
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(1963) - 250,000 people march to the Lincoln Memorial to hear speeches and protest for civil rights including 20% white, favourable media attention
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Mississippi Freedom Summer
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(1964) Only 1600 out of 17,000 black people who attempted to register to vote were registered.
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Selma Campaigns
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(1965) - In Selma only 1% of blacks were registered to vote. The marches were disrupted when police attacked the marchers despite it being peaceful. The media images helped gain support for civil rights.
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Moynihan Report
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(1965) - drew attention to high levels of crime and poor living conditions and ghettoisation which created de facto segregation of education and housing.
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Chicago Movement
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(1966) Poor turnout; 30,000 not 100,000, criticism of King and his tactics and a loss of faith in non-violence, empty promises of mayor
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The Poor People's Campaign
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(1968) coalition of poor with radical demands. Johnson didn't support due to anti-Vietnam stance of MLK.
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The Memphis Sanitation Workers' Strike
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(1968) MLK agreed to lead but ended in violence, MLK either violent or cowardly.
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King died
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April 1968.
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Eisenhower: set up
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up commission on Civil Rights to monitor voting in Civil Rights Act of 1957 and 1960 but only increase black voters by 3%.
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Kennedy: slow to act in office but acted in
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Birmingham campaign
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Johnson: Civil Rights Act of 1964
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outlawed segregation in any public place
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Johnson: Voting Rights Act of 1965 explicitly outlawed
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outlawed all tests that prevented blacks from voting.
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Johnson: Elementary and School Act and Higher Education Act 1965
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increased funding to the poorest areas.
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Johnson: Civil Rights Act of 1968 outlawed
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discrimination in any sale or rental of housing. Vietnam War took attention soon.
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Congress accepted Act of 1964 because...?
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media showed horror of segregation, helped public support, in 1964 many more liberal Democrays, Johnson said fitting legacy for Kennedy
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Much opposition from government with things such as
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filibusters and COINTELPRO investigations
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Presidents overall…
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Truman said a lot but little concrete action, Eisenhower didn't take initiatiove, Kennedy tried to keep out of issues until Birmingham, Johnson very radical until Vietnam
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Why limited change?
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Local politicians opposed, police violent or allowed KKK to be so, many whites only supported Civil Rights theoretically
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white flight', white population of major cities declined by
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9.6% 1960-1970
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Johnson's higher education act did lead to a
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four times increase in number of blacks at college and university
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By late ---- only ------ out of --------- blacks in the south were registered to vote.
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1963 / 800,000 / 20m
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In total the number of blacks registered rose from
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4m to 6m between 1960 and 1965.
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Cities desegregated
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214 southern cities desegregated by 1965
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In ---- black workers still only earnt --- of the national average. During 1950's and 60's black unemployment was about ------ the national average By 1968 black unemployment was --- compared to white unemployment at 5% but income was only ----of average still.
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1964 / 53% / double / 7% / 61%
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In ---- --- black in 'unsound' housing in ghetto areas
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1960 / 46%. But by 1967 22 states and 8 cities had fair housing laws
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In ---- --- of public supported desegregation of education
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1964 / 80%
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Key Attributes of King;
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Speaking ability Inspirational Courage Organising Role Strong Philosophy
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--- of New York members of Nation of Islam had -------- -------- but almost none re-offended.
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90% / criminal records
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The nation of Islam grew massively with the number of temples almost doubling between
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Founded in 1930's …. 1957 and 1959
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OAAU organised
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voter registration campaigns, school boycotts, rent strikes and social programmes to help addicts. It also published textbooks and emphasised black pride.
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Malcolm X life and views
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Three uncles and father killed he adovacted seperatism, violence and black power
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Emergence of Black Power
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MLK unpopular in north, Real change in north was slow, de jure hadn't led to de facto, Black working class men had no-one else to relate to, Fragmentation of Civil Rights movement, Failure of MLK in north, Domestic issues ignored by government due to Vietnam.
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Fragmentation of Civil Rights
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, Use of violence, Biracial collaboration, Did de jure lead to de facto, Integration, Personal differences
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The SNCC and CORE moved away from mixed membership in
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the late 60's but NAACP and SCLC didn't
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King criticsed because
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dominated movement, controlled by government and glory seeker
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Real Divisions in Civil Rights
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Stokely Carmichael refused to work with NAACP and NUL after 1966
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BPP formed in ----- and focused on…?
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1966 / self-defecen and economic/social improvements
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designed to keep the police under surveillance to protect African Americans from the abuse of police power
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˜Patrol the Pigs' helped BPP go nationwide in 15 states
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Survival Programmes - By ---- ----- children were fed each day by free breakfasts, by ---- --- ------ helped 200,000 people a year. BPP newspaper was read by -- ------
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1969 10,000 / 1974 200 clinics / 1m people / Liberation schools also important
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In Washington by ---- black citizens had
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1966 won the right to elect their own school boardssuch as Intermediate School 201 in Harlem
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BPP stopped by…
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COINTELPRO feared black messiah for violence, bugged BPP, arrested members and forged death threats. Cleaver also militant and rapist
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A radical new identity for blacks was formed:
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Uhura (inter racial kiss), Bill Cosby pentagon spy in the drama I Spy, Miles Davis incorporated traditional African Music
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BPP got government to committ to
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research and treatment of sickle cell anaemia by 1972
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Black mayors being elected by
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1966
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The richer American society hadn't become more equal; the poorest 5th received --- of wealth in 1970, the richest 5th had ---
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5% / 40%.
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By ---- there were ------ soldiers in Vietnam and --- of 20 year old men had been drafted
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1968 / 550,000 / one third
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Liberal feminists of the 1960's had three major economic concerns:
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employment opportunities, income and unpaid work
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Women earned…?
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57% of men in 1960's
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In ---- Johnson outlawed ???
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1967 sexual discrimination in workplace and appointed 50 women to top positions
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In ----- NFWA supported a strike and started
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1965 La Huelga (the strike) which last five years.
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Native Americans had high unemployment, even up to
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70% there was also regular alcoholism
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What forced equality in promotion for women
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Weeks vs. Southern Bell
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Chicano's made up --- of Californian -------- ------
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80% / Welfare cases
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Hispanics not as important because…?
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Only 6% of population
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How many Native americans in reservations and important groups…
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500,000 and NCAI, NIYC
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When was compulsory termination stopped?
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1966 after Eisenhower started it
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