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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Contract Theories
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1.) Rawls - Original Position
A hypothetical construct in which nobody knows anything about their lives (religion, wage, where they live...) Emphasizes impartiality and disinterest 2.) Hobbes - The Natural Condition of Man A state of war that persists even in a commonwealth 3.) Locke - The State of Nature The natural instincts of man A state of equality in which nobody has power over another and all are free to do as they please Not power to abuse others though |
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Rawls' Theory of Justice as Fairness
1.) What is to be explained? 2.) What moves the parties to form the contract? 3.) What is the condition under which the contract is agreed? 4.) What is the substance of the contract? |
Social Justice in a contemporary liberal democracy
Rational self-interest The Original Position, a hypothetical construct The 2 principles of justice as fairness |
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Hobbes' Leviathan
1.) What is to be explained? 2.) What moves the parties to form the contract? 3.) What is the condition under which the contract is agreed? 4.) What is the substance of the contract? |
The way a civil commonwealth is established
Fear and reason The natural condition of man The covenant to form a commonwealth |
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Locke's Second Treatise
1.) What is to be explained? 2.) What moves the parties to form the contract? 3.) What is the condition under which the contract is agreed? 4.) What is the substance of the contract? |
The bias of political power in consent
Those things lacking to the state of nature The state of Nature The end of government is the protection of property, and government is to be limited by that purpose |
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Original Position (Rawls)
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A hypothetical man whose choices are made from the standpoint of a veil of ignorance
Design a society in which he does not know ahead of time what social/economic status he will hold Assumed to be a rational thinker Mutually disinterested and impartial |
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Two Principles of Justice (Rawls)
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1.) The Maximum Liberty Principle
Everyone is entitled to maximum amount of liberty compatible with everyone else 2.) The Difference Principle Concerned with how society should be organized. Related to: 1.) Justification of inequalities only if they improve the condition of those least well-off 2.) Nature of offices and institutions but must be open to all citizens |
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Neutrality of the State (Rawls)
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Certain things are bracketed off and not even talked about
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Patriotism (Viroli)
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A form of caritas, a self-giving love of country
Central locus of patriotism is a local community and arises from city hall From the Republican civic tradition emphasizing community over the individual Patriotism unites because the love of liberty for the people of your own republic does not preclude you from wishing for and working for the same liberty for all people One cannot be expected to be motivated by intellectual appeals and justice if they don't have a sense of obligation to their fellow citizens |
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Cosmopolitanism (Nussbaum)
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Want more of a global citizen instead of local
Patriotism only separates us, not unites us Only 1 culture that blends various cultures together Lead to consistent and coherent arguments because you would need to be well informed about things you argue for/against People today are uninformed about foreign countries and foreign events/topics or issues From the Liberal civic tradition |
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Multiple Citizenship (Heater)
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Federalism in the US as Parallel: citizen of city, county, state and country
People identify themselves in a way that's local Problems cannot be fixed without the cooperation of many nations Cosmopolitanism Many European Nations come to the aid of U.S.A The oath to become US citizen implies that you remove alliance with other nations (Supreme Court says you don't have to) |
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Issues raised about Multiple Citizenship (Heater)
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Can you be a duel citizen?
Would you renounce past allegiances or citizenship? |
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Three Kinds of Equality (Friedman)
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1.) Personal Equality
All people are morally equal The government must respect the dignity of each person and secure their rights From Declaration of Independence and Constitution 2.) Equality of Opportunity Against preferences in Affirmative Action Personal responsibility and merit Arises from personal equality Affirmative Action violates this 3.) Equality of Outcome Fair share for all Requires government coercion and violates liberty and trying to force equality Lack impartiality |
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Social Capital (Putnam)
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A culture of trust and cooperation that makes collective action possible and effective
Leads to engaging within a society Bowling Alone - bowling leagues used to make people engaged and interact more with one another |
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Engaged Citizen Norms (Dalton)
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Protesting and direct action
More active Increasing support for programs (ladder) Lower trust in government |
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Duty Based Norms (Dalton)
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Voting, paying taxes, military participation
Limited role in the government Safety net of social policy Focus on citizenship |
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Sandel on Democracy's Discontent
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When the government tries to remain neutral, this causes discontent
Government can't talk about the good because it's neutral Government cannot be neutral when it takes a position like in the case of abortion Does government have an obligation to protect life or to protect choice? |
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Natural Rights Theory (Theory of Imperialism)
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An approach to political obligation and citizenship that identifies the purpose of government with its duty to secure the rights of the citizens
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The State of Nature (Locke/Hobbes)
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A state of perfect equality and liberty to order one's actions without the interference of any other person
Before the "state" arose was state of nature Throw out state of nature and call it "original position" |
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Contract Theory
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A way to explain the principle that government arises from consent
Requires the concept of the state of nature |
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Veil of Ignorance
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People are equal in every aspect
Leads to impartiality Mutually disinterested and don't know your status, job, economic situation... |
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Patriotism as Caritas (Viroli)
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Self-giving love of country
Conception of service to the fatherland Needed to motivate people to protect the polity |
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Thrift as a Virtue (Whitehead)
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Can someone take part in service or sacrifice if they are not thrifty?
Without thrift, nobody's available for service Parents need to teach their kids about thrift and personal finance Raises question of teaching thrift? |
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Civic Virtue
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A settled disposition to consider the public interest and to be willing to sacrifice some part of one's own interest in order to cooperate in collective action to achieve public good
Sacrifice own good for the common good (Shoveling neighbor's sidewalk) Cosmopolitanism, Patriotism, Civic Engagement, Civic Knowledge |
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Huntington's Thesis
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The differences between contemporary immigration and past eras of immigration in the United States
Contiguity - Mexico borders USA Scale - % of immigrants from 1 region is much larger than before Illegality - criminal? Regional Concentration - SW USA |
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Self-Interest Rightly Understood (Tocqueville)
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Citizens confuse their own self-interest for that of the community
My own success is tied to community's Lose track of actual community success |
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Putnam on Diversity and Trust
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Diversity from immigration benefits in the long term
Creativity Economic Growth Expanded workforce in an aging population Short term from Immigration: Less trust in general People just sit in front of the TV and are unhappy |
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Morality and the Law (Sandel)
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Human law is derived from natural law in 2 ways
1.) Conclusions from principles 2.) Determination of generalities In arguments about law, you should be able to use the same arguments from your regular discourse If you are Jewish, you can use arguments from Jewish beliefs... Shouldn't be preference for secular or non-secular arguments |
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How is Rawls' Theory of Justice as Fairness focused on the value of impartiality?
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People are equal in all aspects
Nobody knows what job, religion or life they will have Nobody has any connections Wear a veil of ignorance No preference to any specific person or group of people Against affirmative action because it is partial to minorities |
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The Very Long Disengagement (Bauerlein)
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Disengagement from work at school
Don't want to read or attend classes Pre-occupied with entertainment, technology, blogs, relationships... Lack of Civic, Geographical...knowledge |
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How might a defender of affirmative action programs attack Rawls' emphasis on impartiality and government neutrality?
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Without affirmative action, the majority would overrule the minority
Gives minorities a better chance to compete In the real world, impartiality does not exist. Minorities typically have worse starting conditions in their lives If government did not protect minority rights, majority could invoke harm (slavery...) Though Rawls argues impartiality is essential for equality, it is essential |
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What has Robert Putnam learned about the relationship between solidarity within groups and cross-cutting solidarity in his study of increasingly diverse societies experiencing high rates of immigration?
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Immigration is better for the long run
Promotes diversity Immigrants adapt to our culture and we adapt to theirs as well Bring something new to the table Spur economic growth and re-populate the workforce with new/younger workers Promotes trade and flow of resources between nations Contact Theory Conflict Theory Immigration bad in short term Putnam: immigration erodes diversity by causing people to "hunker down" and sit in front of TV Less trust in general |
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How is Putnam's account of civic engagement and social capital related to Tocqueville's doctrine of self-interest rightly understood?
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1.) Putnam
Civic Engagement can be monitored by: Voter turnout, public meeting attendance, serving in organization, being a member of an organization Social Capital is: A culture of trust and cooperation that makes collective action possible and effective Leads to engaging within a society Bowling Alone - bowling leagues used to make people engaged and interact more with one another 2.) Tocqueville Wrongly associating your own personal interest for that of the community 3.) Related to one Another Putnam says people used to be engaged and joined groups/organizations Would work together and become familiar with each other because they lived in same city entire lives Trusting one another more and cooperating together leads to better identifying what needs to be done in the community rather than for your own personal needs (shoveling neighbor's sidewalk) |
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Contact Theory vs. Conflict Theory
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1.) Contact Theory
Diversity erodes in-group/out-group distinction and enhances tolerance 2.) Conflict Theory Diversity enhances in-group/out-group distinctions and strengthens in-group solidarity |
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Why does Whitehead argue that the United States needs a democratization of thrift?
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How is it possible for someone to take part in service or sacrifice if they are not thrifty?
Without thrift, nobody is available to help Debt is caused by bad choices Promoting thrift will help educate everyone about making wise and rational choices Rather than buying things now, teaches people to wait and think about their decisions |
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Has the development of new information technologies improved citizen engagement or led to an even more disengaged citizenry?
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1.) Dalton - More Engaged
People can talk online, chat rooms, facebook, text, phone... Easier to organize events and mass communicate Can actively participate easier (from home) and more efficiently Helps link people together and doesn't matter about distance 2.) Putnam - Less Engaged People don't interact in person anymore No more bowling leagues People don't join groups or interact with one another Sit in front of TV and don't get to know neighbors and build relationships from previous generations |
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The Declinist View (Dalton)
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Dalton's way to describe the views of people who view civic engagement (like Putnam) is in decline
Dalton actually argues civic engagement is simply transforming from duty-based to engaged-based |
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Darker Shade of Green (Selby)
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Doesn't just emphasize sustainability but that we should teach people humans are part of nature
Civic education debate Ecological education should arise in public schools Do we have some obligation to nature as we do to other people? |
