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232 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
urbanecology
interaction betwee the population and the physical environment
4 factors of urban ecology
P (population)
O (organization)
E (environment- physical)
T (technology- whats there)
average life expectancies in the first cities was about
30
domestication of animals
used along with domestication of plants, within small cities to help provide
were these first communities private?
yes, they only sometimesallowed people in who had skills they needed
primogeniture
first born male gets the inheritence/land
6000 years ago began occupational ___
specilzation (instead of generalization- jack of all trades)
this occupational specialization meant the beginning of
social classes
Jericho
6000 years ago with a population of 6000
Childe (50s)
- looked at early communities and found ten characteristics that differentiate eartly communities from first cities
Childe's first 5
1) Permanency
2) non-agriculturalits
3) Tax
4) Art
5) public buildings
Childe's last 5
6) ruling class
7) literacy and numeracy
8) science
9) trade
10) citizenship
___ did not matter so much to Childe
population size
what three things make up social class and stratification
power, prestige, and wealth
these three things can be reflected through
the number of children you have
UN considers a city to be a place with ___ people or more
5,000
Canadian gov't considers a city to be a place with ___ people or more
1,000
by ___ 50% of the world population lives in citites
2000
Percent of world's population living in places 5000+ in
1700
1800
1850-1900
1950
2%
3%
14%
28%
acropolis
building your city on a hill allowed for protection, see those you dont want coming in
agora
the marketplace where you could trade goods without others entering your city
Athens
50-100,000 people with 1/3 being slaves
- highly stratified city
big advantage in athens
citizenship
as Greek cities declined, ___ began to built
Rome
Rome had ___ people living in it after the year __
1 million, 0
__ to ___ % of the Roman population lived in cities
20-25
how does one feed these people?
import foods ... means you need good roads
Cercus Maximus
arena that seated 1/4 of the million people who wanted to see the games as theres nothing else to do
average work day in Rome was
6 hours
around the year ___ the Roman empire ___, due to ____, and began a ___
400, imploded, huge stratification, dark age in Europe
Dark age
low point of European society year 1,000, in which cities became isolated due to no trade, no trust, a feudal system, and farming
Renaissance
rebirth of cities
- partyl due to holy wars, churches sending people in from middle east
3 simple tecchnological advances
1) crop rotation (better surplus- doesnt leech same nutrients every time)
2) plow design
3) horse halter (horse pulls plow instead of you steering ox)
the most original cities to survive
were in the Meditteranean/Middle east
what happened to cities in early Egypt
esentially disappeared due to climate, geological changes, and overcultivation by humans
1200-1400
populations low due to black plague
between 1345-1350, 1/4 of the europe pop was wiped out
one good thing about this plague
ended the church's power over the people
citites grow in 2 ways
natural increase, in-migration
when were city planners first hired
during the renaissance.. here there were no nations, just small geogrpahically independent cities
average distance across a city was ___, and you had to walk everywehre
2 km
demographic population transition
1) Malthusian population
2) demographic gap/transition population
3) modern population
malthusian population
lots of kids, with a fluctuating death rate= pop. stays constant
Demographic gap/transition population
death and birth rates both decline
- due to nutritional changes, increase in cleanliness, public health measures, sanitary streets
Graunt (1690)
wrote "bills of mortality"
- looked at birth and death rates i London
- population looked to be increasing but he found it should have been decreasing
- why? he wasnt looking at in-migration that was causing it
natural increase formula
pop= B-D
Fogelstrom
- cities are bad and if you move in you will die within ten years
- people still come, because of opportunities
1880s-1900s is when ___ first started to be beneficial
medicine
why are women having so many kids (10-12 biological maximum)
- so they take care of you later
- assuming most will die (50%)
- are economic assets
Modern stage
- bit more births than deaths
- populations stabalizes
- fewer kids due to thinks like opportunities for women, and rational choice
- apartment life became acceptable
A spacial characteristic of pre-industrial societies is that they are
parochial (narrow in regional/national scope)
according to Burgess' concentric zones. cities began looking like his models in
1850-1900
Hoyt and sector theory... cities grow around ___
areas of least resistence
which theory of the three was not critized as much
Hoyt sector theory... because there was so much original data
harris and Ullman multiple nucleii
geophysical factors, historical factors, etc, all form together to create each unique city
Schwirian and Matre (Canadian)
- looked at CMA's in Canada (census metropolitan area)
-wrote "ecological structre of canadian cities 1969"
- he felt cities were a mix, with some things in sectors and some in zones
What did he think was in sectors
social classes
and in zones?
degree of familialism (how important family is--- most important on edges)
Michael J white
wrote "American Neighbourhoods-1987"
-found comtemporary cities to be comprised of only 7 elements
1)
2)
3)
core
zone of stagnaton (abandoned, arent paying taxes)
pockets of poverty/minorities
4)
5)
6)
7)
elite enclaves
diffused middle class
insitutional anchors (i.e. stadiums)
epicenters and corridors (hiighways)
Rod McKenzie
"ecological processes" 1925
6 processes
1)
2)
4)
concentration (same activities in same place
centralization (concentradition towards cente- centripidal force)
disperson (centrifugal force- moving away from centre)
4)
5)
6)
4) segregation
5) Invasion (1) gradual unfiltration/gradual encrouchment (2) resistence (3) abandonment (THESE THREE LEAD TO A NEW EQUILIBRIUM OF SUCCESSON- AREAS ARISING WITHOUT GOV'T PLANNING)
6) succession
which three authors worked together on their theories
Park, Burgess, and Mckenzie
who is the father of URBAN socology
Tonnies
who wrote "on the division of labour"
Durkheim
Who wrote "Metropolis and mental life"
Simmel
simmel felt that living in the city gives you an attitude of being ___ which means ___
apathetic, anomie exists
Selected percetion/social reserve
Simmel. Make choices, filter out unimportant, helping certain people and not others, maintain separateness
who wrote "The city"
Weber
Weber believed history isnt ___
progressive, we are NOT always moving towards better things
in 1895 the first ___
depeartment of soc was created
3 things Park found about cities (commericial bureeacurcies)
1) modern city is a commericial enterprise (specialization and DOL)
2)Bureacracy perform functions previously done by family (and media replaced face to face communication)
3) pshyco-social aspects compareed to rurual- they are more rational

* MICRO THEORY
who wrote urbanism as way of life
Wirth
Wirth felt that
city people behaved differently-urbaism
and three things mattered
1) size
2) density
3) heterogenity
Textbook
notes
"urban" comprises of
1) admin functions (a capital)
2) economic characteristics (more than half in non-agricultural sector)
3)functional nature (streets, water, eletrical)
4) population size/density
which concept is the only one applied in 89 countries
administrative
Canada and the US use ____ as the definition, without regard to __
population density, local boundaries
In Canada, an urban area must contarin more than ___ people per square KM, with a total population exceeding __
400, 1,000
Urban cluster
a US census bureau term for a combo of adjacent urban areas that extend across land
Lowest urban population exists in
Burundi (11%)
worlds cities are growing by ___ each week
1 million
four areas of the worlds greatest urban growth
latin america, africa, middle east, asia
(the ten countries w the highest growth rates are here)
Those with the lowest growth rates exist in (3)
Europe, NA, Japan
Metropolitan area
a large population (typically 100,000 +) and its adjacent communities, with which it has a high degree of integration (even if the surrounding communities are not urban themselves)
Micropolitan area
urban core of at least 10,000... but less than 50,000.
- also sweeps up adjacent communities with a high degree of integration measured by work commutes
megaregion
when two or more metropolitan areas examd to form a continuous urban complex (used to be called megalopolis)
- usually in tens of millions
worlds largest megaregion
Deli-Lahore, India
Megacity
a metropolitan area can consitute its own melalopolis if the population within its municipal boundary numbers at least 10 million.
- today, 1 in 11 live in a megacity
Global city (world city)
very influential, attacting investments and power- London, NYC, Paris, and Tokyo, are at the top due to finance and trade
worlds system analysis
economic well-being of most cities heavily depends on their placement within this world hierarchy
Caral
archeologists found this city in 2011 through carbon dating, and realized it was founded 1,000 years befrore the firs known settlement in the western hemisphere
Easy socioogists were ___ about the city, but current ones are __
pessimistic, neutral
Aristotle
"people come together in cities for security and remain there to live the good life"
invasion-succession
when whole sections of a city change (i.e. movement from businessmen to lowlifes- prostitutes take over area)
postmodernism
a reaction to the asumption that rational, objective efforts can explain any reality with any certainty
Urban political economy
natural processes cannot explain movements, as they are occurring due to economic insitutions
sunbelt cities
southern and western- increasing movement here in the USA is a new and upcoming change
areas ____ are growing most rapidly
surrounding cities- 0lder individuals moving for retirement, and business and indistry moving out also
shantytowns
communities of squatters- natural disasters a problem here (landslides etc)
Sagan's cosmic calendar puts city development
in the last minute of the year
agricultural revolution
-seen as the most important event in human history
- resources were scarce and H&Gs had to keep moving
* eventually they found it easier to settle in one area and raise their own food- the revolution
Jericho as the first city, 10,000 years ago- what made it so different?
- sun-dried brick, a surrounding wall, a tower, and a large trench
Catal Huyuk
Turkey. Eventually supported a populaton over 6,000. Entrances to houses on roofs, and the design was very secure (discovered in 50s)
when was the first urban revolution
400BCE-500CE
- emerged with city states, and worlds first urban empires
Mesopotamia
- first urban empire
- theocracies ruled by a King
- strong military elite
- made up of smaller city states with rulers seeking for theirs to be the best
- cities can be seen as containers
Egypt
- rose with Mesopotamia
- none maintained long enough to be large- crumbled/abandoned
- ruling pharoah-seen as god
in egypt things were___ but became less so when
peaceful, during the old kingdom when pharoahs started getting goods from neighbouring areas- this led to riots and faminine- collapsing old kingdom
New Kingdom of Egypt
following demise of old, it went through 600 yrs of see-saw, but this new kingdom was one of urban greatness
The Indus region
present day India/Pakistan
- trade routes to mesopotamia
- two cities here, each with a pop. over 40,000
- most itneresting: well-developed sewage system (lined the steets)
The indus region was the first area to provide
a widespread state of well-being, with a middle class lifestlye for most
China
-earliest city was Liangzhu
- urban settlement more diffused than anywhere else
last major region of early city development was in ____
Mesoamerica: Mexico, Yucatan, Guatamala, and South Africa
- productive agrictulture/complex social structures
why was farming not embraced in mesoamerica to the same extent
due to that areas were not well suited for the production of large surpluses (rocky mountains, lack of animals, etc)
so what did thy do?
developed a mixed economy, in which hunting and edible plants played a role
Chin Chan
regal/ritual city= only the ruling class lived here in huge palaces
theocratic power structures
a fused religious and political elite in which kings were also priests and gods
Crete and Greece
-established 1800 BCE, years after others
- ended in 1400BCE, not known why
- more egalitarian (moderation, balance, human participation)
- Greek city states turned on eachother in the Peloponnesian war
Rome
- by the time of Christ it was 1 million +
- based on military power
- obsessed with excess and domination
- area ruled included almost half worls' population (450 yrs)
Rome
- roads were greatest achivement
- greatest aqueduct system
- lots of poor people
- empire extended to far and lost control- invated in 476 CE and declined
as rome collapsed, so did
the empire sustaining all urban life in europe
therefore, ther was a period of ___
600 years when urban areas were either minimal or didnt exist - DARK AGES (art, music, etc fell with it)
- gave way to a feudal system
lowest point of urban life was the ___ century
ninth
starting in the __ century, there was an urban awakening
11th, Renaissance
- urban trade and crafts
- help from crusades
during the renaissane, there were medeival cities (12th-16th centuries:
- small, 5,000, moat
- self-contained, no single force to dominate
- church VERY important (roman catholics)
- relatively healthy cities
leading to the 17th century..
- feudalism gave way to capitalism
- commerce replaced agriculture
18th century
- i ndustrial revolution
- dominance of market economy
- exploding populations, with europe a continent of cities
- low-efficiency technology, primitive health care, high birth and death rates
Who discovered London
after Caesar made conquest in Gaul, he learned of this land that had important natural recources, he tried to go there but experienced much resistence
who went there next?
Emporer Claudius, set up camp upstream where his men could cross and there was water access
- they called it Londinium (bold and wild)
the romans remained there for almost __ year
400, but abandoned it due to celctic pressures and maintenance costs
Nonetheless, Romans left two legacies that would be crucial to London's later history
1) an established city
2) superior road systems that linked it with the hinterland
Londoners welomed william as their King, and the site of William's coronation and residence was critical to the history of London for 3 reasons:
1) an important political residence situated in the immediate vicinity of the financial capital- giving London the power of the double magnet- fincancial and political sector
2) establishment of city of westminster meand that incomers would fill the land between, dragging london west of the original walled city
3) establishment of a royal residence in London tied their history to the nation's history
by 1550, London had become
a world city
three reasons explain the transformation of London:
1) dicovery of the americas: london was a stop on the way
2) geographically isolated from rest of europe= seafaring nation - efficient sailing fleet
3) there was wool and merchants established a monopoly
there has always been a link between __ and the development of ___
wealth, cultural ideas
Catastrophe
-housing became scarce, leading to pollued streets.. and in a single year 2 things happened
1) unsanitary conditions= great plague of 1665-1666- claimed 100,000 in 8 mts
2) great fire put an end to the bubonic plague and the city of London was destoryed

* rebuilt itself 40 years later
the onset of the ____ spurred the growth of London as never before
industrial revolution of the 1700s... they needed help colonizing areas to get materials, which led to the British empire.. which controlled destinies of 1/4 of the worlds population
after 1900, life improved, and WWI...
united the country against a common enemy, and ironically, the great depression helped equalize the suffering and cut some of the bottom out
Luftwaffe
Hitler destoryed much of the city in 1940- but after WWII it rebuilt itself
London lost populations due to (2)
1) people shifting out of slums
2) decline in heavy industries

* however, they gained tourists
As England's colonies became independent states...
the empire disappeared as well as the welath with it
- long term unemplyoment unknown until the 60s and 70s
this led to a flip in the economic structure, with
the finance and business sector beating out manufacturing in 2001
- led to renewed interests in living in cities
this led to gentrification, where developers (3)
1) converted multi-occupied homes into single family ones
2) converted old warehouses into lofts
3) built new residences along the river and old docklands
"international rich"
these people took up residene in inner city housing, but expressed little interest in civic engagement or community bonding

- *side note: huge minority population from international migration
the emergence of the machine was huge, and affected __ cities more than anywhere else, which cause the population to __
European; explode
sociology was born in ___, and can be considered a __ of the ____, it was started by ___
Europe, child, industrial revolution, Comte
Marx feels social transformation comes from
conflict between capitalists and proletariat
he felt that to argue social problems as the fault of indiviuals was a form of ___
false consciousness- capitalism is the real problem
Marx and engels saw the rise of the city as transition from ___ to ___
barabrianism, civilization
asiatic modes of production
some cities remained chained to the bonds of the primitive community- limited DOL, common property, lack of indiviualism,
Marx and engeles beleieved the prcess of city development would further evolved into ___
ultimate socialism
here, they felt workers would become aware of the real cause of their problems, unite, and act together to transform society
tonnies natural
Durkheim natural
- tribal/rural
- city is natural
durkheim cautions that no socity can exist entirely on the basis of __
contract
Durkheim saw social bonds ___ through city life, while tonnies saw them ___ in city life
perpetuate, decline
Simmel
- suggested the personality would accomodate to urban scene
- intensification of stimulii
- learn to tune things out
Simmel saw the city as the setting where great historical contests between ____ and ___ would occur
human liberation and alienation
he felt the most powerful means of urban rationality was
money
he felt that the urbanite adapts to city life by devleoping a ____ attitude
blase (reseve and detachment) - thinking with head not heart
- this difference may become antagonism
he said people feel like ___ in ___
cogs in machines. I.e. do things like grafitti to make themselves known
Therefore, Simmel was pessimistic as well but
felt the city would still prevail
bystander effect
a social problem in which the larger number of people involved in a situation, the more responsibility among the group becomes diffused
why did weber not like other theorists ideas
because they only took into account cities in one part of the world and at one point in time
Die Stadt
- essay where he surveyed many cities
- developed a definition of full urban community
full urban community
a settlement that displays a relative prodominance of trade-commericial relations, with the settlement as a whole displaying the following features:
1) a fortification/military
2) a market
3) court of its own/autonomous law
4) related form of association (social relationships w meaningful pariticipation for citizens)
5) political automoy
this definition is an example of
an ideal type= a model constructed from real world observation that highlights the crucial elements of some social phenomenon
who deserved the title of full urban community?
he thought only the fortified, self-sufficient cities of th medievval period

- he felt newer ones lose their military and political autonomy
whats so important about military and political autonomy
he saw them as necessary for psychologically identifying the city as home
How did weber stand out
he did not see the city itself as the cause for distinguising qualities of urban life, he linked it to larger social processes, especially culture
urban sociologists began to develop in the US about the time of __
WW!
Park saw urban life not as __ or ___, but rather
chaos, disorder, but as an orderly and typical grouping of its populations and institutions
what was wirth's greatest contribution
he built on previous concepts and organized them into the first truely sociological theory of the city
wirth began with a definition of the city as three things
1) large
2) dense and permanent
3) socially and culturally heterogenous
social segmentation
specialization organizes human relationships more on an "interest-specific" basis (we understand people in regards to their roles, not who they are... look at what they can do for us)
ecological specialization
dense populations produce distinct neighbourhoods and districts
natural areas
places evolving as unplanned clusters
wirth was overall __
pessimistic, and saw the city as an acid dissolving traditional values and undermining formation of insitutions and relationships
he felt that ___ would take over
social disorganization
Wirth felt the essence of being an urban liver was being ____
cosmopoitan
Merton drew a distinction between cosmopolites and localites
cosmopolites= rootless and think of wider possibilites
localites- born in the area where they live- entwined with everything there
Gans was a critic of
wirth
he saw the city as a
mosaic of many lifestyles, only some of which resemble the cosmo exlained by wirth
he identified four types of urban lifestyles
1) cosmos- educated, sophisticates, live in city for opps
2) unmarried/childless
3) ethnic villagers= 1st/2nd generation working class- sustain rural patterns
4) deprived/trapped= poor, handicapped,broken homes, non-whites
with a comparison of Wirth and Gans, we can see that urbanization doesnt necessarily generate
urbanism- a single distinctive way of life
Fischer
-created a subcultural theory of urbanism that rejected Wirth, and said that urban milieu strngthens not destroys group relatonships
he felt that
similar people seek eachother out in a city, and increased contact leads to mutual influence through cultural diffusion
Fisher's critical mass=
when people come together they gain this, which is the level needed to generate self-sustaining momentum
OVERALL, the dominant characteristics of urban relationships concluded by most theorists would be (3)
loneliness, indifference, and anonymity
the biggest mistake of classical theorists
to allow the public demeanor- the most visible aspects of the city- to become the basis of theorires about urban life
most provocative conclusion
that humans react to increasing populations with psych disorder or antisocial disorder- crime, deviance, mental issues
Calhoun found that in rat populations, overcrowding produced a reaction he termed
behavioural sink= an environment of aborted pregnancies, infant mortality, homosexuality, and cannibalism occurred - he did not apply this to humans,
who applied it to humans?
hall. believed humans need a certain amount of space around them- no biological proof of this
urban malaise
suggests that conditions of density aside, the urban environment created loneliness, depression, and anxiety more readily than any other types of settlement
- no proof of this either
we now look at _____ , not called critical urban sociology anymore
new urban sociology
Houston
booming since 50s due to oil and cheap shipping of gulf of Mexico- second port in country
- energy capital of the world
Miami
tourism/retirement hot spot
=known for specialized goods due to cuban american community
Montreal
service based, situated on rivers
salt lake city
mormons, only area within miles to have a huge population
Washington DC
capital city. political space
Industrial location theory (Alfred Weber)
suggested that an industry would locate where the transportation costs of both raw materials and final product would be lowest
7 factors for why cities occur in areas
1) natural crossroads
2) break-of-bulk points
3) access to raw materials
4) amenity city
5) admin/political city
6) strategic military location
7) religious/educational reasons
radiocentric cities
radiate outward from a common centre in the shape of a contained protected by geographical features
although the radial pattern is the rule in most countries, it is the exception in ___
NA
in NA, we find ____ cities instead
gridiron
5 zones in Burgess model
1) loop
2) zone in transition
3) zone of working homes
4) residential zone
5) commuter zone
why did harris and ullman feel multiple nucleii develop (2)
1) certain types of activities require specialized facilities
2) multiple CBD can be the result of annexation
most important part of multiple nucleii theory
it seriously questions the notion that urban land use is predictable
some say urban ecology is too biological, because it pays little attention to
1) choice
2) culture in the city
3) community
census tract
averages about 4,000 residents and typically contains homogenous units with respect to pop. characteristics, economic status, and living conditions
- can classify each tract and compare it to others
why did the LA school emerge
as a spin-off from the multiple nucleii theory and as a rejection of the Chicago school
emphasizes ___ as the new reality of urban growth
multicentred, dispersed patterns
Banham descrived 4 basic ecologies that differed markedly from those advanced by the Chicago school
1) suburbia(beach cities
2) foothills (bel air)
3) plains of Id (central flatlands)
4) autopia (freeways)

* harsh on the Id
Suisman insisted that ___, and not ___ are way gave form to structure and community
boulevards, not freeways
Soja felt that LA is a decentralized metropolis with a ___ power structure that is becoming increasingly ___
fragmented, disorganized
he views LA as resembling a giant ___
agglomoration of theme parks (due to global capitalism)

- he suggests the future of urbanism will resemble LA
Mike Dear
leading advocate of LA school, agrees that the city is a prototype for fragmentation, but feels it is NOT outside mainstream, and that all urban centers will resemble this
Molotch
says LA analysts assumes things are way more local than they are
Sampson
neither LA or chicago can be reduced to one model
Wirth says a city is
large, dense, permanent settlement with social and cultural heterogenity
his 4 characteristics of size
1) diversity of characteristics
2) occupational sepcialization
3) increase in relations (relations of utility- what can you do)
4)"loosening of morals" - individuality replacing tradition
he finds 4 characteistics of density
1) ecological specialization (areas of city specialized- ethnic areas, etc)
2) loss of sensitivity to surroundings
3) increased tolerance
4) increased social distance
three characteristics of heterogenity
1) increased social mobility
2) insecurity and instability (apathy and anomie)
3) standardization-importance of money
Positive
or negative?
Marx and engels
mostly optimistic
Tonnies
pessimistic
Durkheim
optimistic
Simmel
mixed, mostly negative
Weber
Mixed
Park
Optimistic
Wirth
Negaticve
Gans
Mixed, mostly positive
Fischer
Optimistic