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232 Cards in this Set
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urbanecology
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interaction betwee the population and the physical environment
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4 factors of urban ecology
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P (population)
O (organization) E (environment- physical) T (technology- whats there) |
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average life expectancies in the first cities was about
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30
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domestication of animals
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used along with domestication of plants, within small cities to help provide
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were these first communities private?
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yes, they only sometimesallowed people in who had skills they needed
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primogeniture
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first born male gets the inheritence/land
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6000 years ago began occupational ___
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specilzation (instead of generalization- jack of all trades)
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this occupational specialization meant the beginning of
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social classes
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Jericho
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6000 years ago with a population of 6000
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Childe (50s)
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- looked at early communities and found ten characteristics that differentiate eartly communities from first cities
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Childe's first 5
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1) Permanency
2) non-agriculturalits 3) Tax 4) Art 5) public buildings |
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Childe's last 5
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6) ruling class
7) literacy and numeracy 8) science 9) trade 10) citizenship |
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___ did not matter so much to Childe
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population size
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what three things make up social class and stratification
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power, prestige, and wealth
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these three things can be reflected through
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the number of children you have
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UN considers a city to be a place with ___ people or more
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5,000
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Canadian gov't considers a city to be a place with ___ people or more
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1,000
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by ___ 50% of the world population lives in citites
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2000
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Percent of world's population living in places 5000+ in
1700 1800 1850-1900 1950 |
2%
3% 14% 28% |
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acropolis
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building your city on a hill allowed for protection, see those you dont want coming in
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agora
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the marketplace where you could trade goods without others entering your city
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Athens
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50-100,000 people with 1/3 being slaves
- highly stratified city |
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big advantage in athens
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citizenship
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as Greek cities declined, ___ began to built
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Rome
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Rome had ___ people living in it after the year __
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1 million, 0
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__ to ___ % of the Roman population lived in cities
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20-25
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how does one feed these people?
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import foods ... means you need good roads
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Cercus Maximus
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arena that seated 1/4 of the million people who wanted to see the games as theres nothing else to do
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average work day in Rome was
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6 hours
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around the year ___ the Roman empire ___, due to ____, and began a ___
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400, imploded, huge stratification, dark age in Europe
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Dark age
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low point of European society year 1,000, in which cities became isolated due to no trade, no trust, a feudal system, and farming
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Renaissance
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rebirth of cities
- partyl due to holy wars, churches sending people in from middle east |
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3 simple tecchnological advances
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1) crop rotation (better surplus- doesnt leech same nutrients every time)
2) plow design 3) horse halter (horse pulls plow instead of you steering ox) |
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the most original cities to survive
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were in the Meditteranean/Middle east
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what happened to cities in early Egypt
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esentially disappeared due to climate, geological changes, and overcultivation by humans
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1200-1400
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populations low due to black plague
between 1345-1350, 1/4 of the europe pop was wiped out |
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one good thing about this plague
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ended the church's power over the people
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citites grow in 2 ways
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natural increase, in-migration
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when were city planners first hired
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during the renaissance.. here there were no nations, just small geogrpahically independent cities
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average distance across a city was ___, and you had to walk everywehre
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2 km
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demographic population transition
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1) Malthusian population
2) demographic gap/transition population 3) modern population |
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malthusian population
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lots of kids, with a fluctuating death rate= pop. stays constant
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Demographic gap/transition population
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death and birth rates both decline
- due to nutritional changes, increase in cleanliness, public health measures, sanitary streets |
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Graunt (1690)
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wrote "bills of mortality"
- looked at birth and death rates i London - population looked to be increasing but he found it should have been decreasing - why? he wasnt looking at in-migration that was causing it |
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natural increase formula
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pop= B-D
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Fogelstrom
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- cities are bad and if you move in you will die within ten years
- people still come, because of opportunities |
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1880s-1900s is when ___ first started to be beneficial
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medicine
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why are women having so many kids (10-12 biological maximum)
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- so they take care of you later
- assuming most will die (50%) - are economic assets |
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Modern stage
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- bit more births than deaths
- populations stabalizes - fewer kids due to thinks like opportunities for women, and rational choice - apartment life became acceptable |
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A spacial characteristic of pre-industrial societies is that they are
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parochial (narrow in regional/national scope)
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according to Burgess' concentric zones. cities began looking like his models in
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1850-1900
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Hoyt and sector theory... cities grow around ___
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areas of least resistence
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which theory of the three was not critized as much
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Hoyt sector theory... because there was so much original data
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harris and Ullman multiple nucleii
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geophysical factors, historical factors, etc, all form together to create each unique city
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Schwirian and Matre (Canadian)
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- looked at CMA's in Canada (census metropolitan area)
-wrote "ecological structre of canadian cities 1969" - he felt cities were a mix, with some things in sectors and some in zones |
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What did he think was in sectors
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social classes
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and in zones?
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degree of familialism (how important family is--- most important on edges)
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Michael J white
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wrote "American Neighbourhoods-1987"
-found comtemporary cities to be comprised of only 7 elements |
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1)
2) 3) |
core
zone of stagnaton (abandoned, arent paying taxes) pockets of poverty/minorities |
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4)
5) 6) 7) |
elite enclaves
diffused middle class insitutional anchors (i.e. stadiums) epicenters and corridors (hiighways) |
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Rod McKenzie
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"ecological processes" 1925
6 processes |
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1)
2) 4) |
concentration (same activities in same place
centralization (concentradition towards cente- centripidal force) disperson (centrifugal force- moving away from centre) |
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4)
5) 6) |
4) segregation
5) Invasion (1) gradual unfiltration/gradual encrouchment (2) resistence (3) abandonment (THESE THREE LEAD TO A NEW EQUILIBRIUM OF SUCCESSON- AREAS ARISING WITHOUT GOV'T PLANNING) 6) succession |
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which three authors worked together on their theories
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Park, Burgess, and Mckenzie
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who is the father of URBAN socology
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Tonnies
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who wrote "on the division of labour"
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Durkheim
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Who wrote "Metropolis and mental life"
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Simmel
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simmel felt that living in the city gives you an attitude of being ___ which means ___
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apathetic, anomie exists
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Selected percetion/social reserve
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Simmel. Make choices, filter out unimportant, helping certain people and not others, maintain separateness
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who wrote "The city"
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Weber
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Weber believed history isnt ___
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progressive, we are NOT always moving towards better things
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in 1895 the first ___
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depeartment of soc was created
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3 things Park found about cities (commericial bureeacurcies)
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1) modern city is a commericial enterprise (specialization and DOL)
2)Bureacracy perform functions previously done by family (and media replaced face to face communication) 3) pshyco-social aspects compareed to rurual- they are more rational * MICRO THEORY |
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who wrote urbanism as way of life
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Wirth
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Wirth felt that
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city people behaved differently-urbaism
and three things mattered 1) size 2) density 3) heterogenity |
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Textbook
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notes
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"urban" comprises of
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1) admin functions (a capital)
2) economic characteristics (more than half in non-agricultural sector) 3)functional nature (streets, water, eletrical) 4) population size/density |
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which concept is the only one applied in 89 countries
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administrative
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Canada and the US use ____ as the definition, without regard to __
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population density, local boundaries
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In Canada, an urban area must contarin more than ___ people per square KM, with a total population exceeding __
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400, 1,000
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Urban cluster
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a US census bureau term for a combo of adjacent urban areas that extend across land
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Lowest urban population exists in
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Burundi (11%)
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worlds cities are growing by ___ each week
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1 million
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four areas of the worlds greatest urban growth
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latin america, africa, middle east, asia
(the ten countries w the highest growth rates are here) |
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Those with the lowest growth rates exist in (3)
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Europe, NA, Japan
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Metropolitan area
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a large population (typically 100,000 +) and its adjacent communities, with which it has a high degree of integration (even if the surrounding communities are not urban themselves)
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Micropolitan area
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urban core of at least 10,000... but less than 50,000.
- also sweeps up adjacent communities with a high degree of integration measured by work commutes |
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megaregion
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when two or more metropolitan areas examd to form a continuous urban complex (used to be called megalopolis)
- usually in tens of millions |
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worlds largest megaregion
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Deli-Lahore, India
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Megacity
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a metropolitan area can consitute its own melalopolis if the population within its municipal boundary numbers at least 10 million.
- today, 1 in 11 live in a megacity |
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Global city (world city)
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very influential, attacting investments and power- London, NYC, Paris, and Tokyo, are at the top due to finance and trade
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worlds system analysis
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economic well-being of most cities heavily depends on their placement within this world hierarchy
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Caral
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archeologists found this city in 2011 through carbon dating, and realized it was founded 1,000 years befrore the firs known settlement in the western hemisphere
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Easy socioogists were ___ about the city, but current ones are __
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pessimistic, neutral
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Aristotle
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"people come together in cities for security and remain there to live the good life"
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invasion-succession
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when whole sections of a city change (i.e. movement from businessmen to lowlifes- prostitutes take over area)
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postmodernism
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a reaction to the asumption that rational, objective efforts can explain any reality with any certainty
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Urban political economy
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natural processes cannot explain movements, as they are occurring due to economic insitutions
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sunbelt cities
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southern and western- increasing movement here in the USA is a new and upcoming change
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areas ____ are growing most rapidly
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surrounding cities- 0lder individuals moving for retirement, and business and indistry moving out also
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shantytowns
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communities of squatters- natural disasters a problem here (landslides etc)
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Sagan's cosmic calendar puts city development
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in the last minute of the year
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agricultural revolution
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-seen as the most important event in human history
- resources were scarce and H&Gs had to keep moving * eventually they found it easier to settle in one area and raise their own food- the revolution |
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Jericho as the first city, 10,000 years ago- what made it so different?
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- sun-dried brick, a surrounding wall, a tower, and a large trench
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Catal Huyuk
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Turkey. Eventually supported a populaton over 6,000. Entrances to houses on roofs, and the design was very secure (discovered in 50s)
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when was the first urban revolution
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400BCE-500CE
- emerged with city states, and worlds first urban empires |
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Mesopotamia
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- first urban empire
- theocracies ruled by a King - strong military elite - made up of smaller city states with rulers seeking for theirs to be the best - cities can be seen as containers |
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Egypt
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- rose with Mesopotamia
- none maintained long enough to be large- crumbled/abandoned - ruling pharoah-seen as god |
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in egypt things were___ but became less so when
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peaceful, during the old kingdom when pharoahs started getting goods from neighbouring areas- this led to riots and faminine- collapsing old kingdom
|
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New Kingdom of Egypt
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following demise of old, it went through 600 yrs of see-saw, but this new kingdom was one of urban greatness
|
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The Indus region
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present day India/Pakistan
- trade routes to mesopotamia - two cities here, each with a pop. over 40,000 - most itneresting: well-developed sewage system (lined the steets) |
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The indus region was the first area to provide
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a widespread state of well-being, with a middle class lifestlye for most
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China
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-earliest city was Liangzhu
- urban settlement more diffused than anywhere else |
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last major region of early city development was in ____
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Mesoamerica: Mexico, Yucatan, Guatamala, and South Africa
- productive agrictulture/complex social structures |
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why was farming not embraced in mesoamerica to the same extent
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due to that areas were not well suited for the production of large surpluses (rocky mountains, lack of animals, etc)
|
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so what did thy do?
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developed a mixed economy, in which hunting and edible plants played a role
|
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Chin Chan
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regal/ritual city= only the ruling class lived here in huge palaces
|
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theocratic power structures
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a fused religious and political elite in which kings were also priests and gods
|
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Crete and Greece
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-established 1800 BCE, years after others
- ended in 1400BCE, not known why - more egalitarian (moderation, balance, human participation) - Greek city states turned on eachother in the Peloponnesian war |
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Rome
|
- by the time of Christ it was 1 million +
- based on military power - obsessed with excess and domination - area ruled included almost half worls' population (450 yrs) |
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Rome
|
- roads were greatest achivement
- greatest aqueduct system - lots of poor people - empire extended to far and lost control- invated in 476 CE and declined |
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as rome collapsed, so did
|
the empire sustaining all urban life in europe
|
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therefore, ther was a period of ___
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600 years when urban areas were either minimal or didnt exist - DARK AGES (art, music, etc fell with it)
- gave way to a feudal system |
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lowest point of urban life was the ___ century
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ninth
|
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starting in the __ century, there was an urban awakening
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11th, Renaissance
- urban trade and crafts - help from crusades |
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during the renaissane, there were medeival cities (12th-16th centuries:
|
- small, 5,000, moat
- self-contained, no single force to dominate - church VERY important (roman catholics) - relatively healthy cities |
|
leading to the 17th century..
|
- feudalism gave way to capitalism
- commerce replaced agriculture |
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18th century
|
- i ndustrial revolution
- dominance of market economy - exploding populations, with europe a continent of cities - low-efficiency technology, primitive health care, high birth and death rates |
|
Who discovered London
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after Caesar made conquest in Gaul, he learned of this land that had important natural recources, he tried to go there but experienced much resistence
|
|
who went there next?
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Emporer Claudius, set up camp upstream where his men could cross and there was water access
- they called it Londinium (bold and wild) |
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the romans remained there for almost __ year
|
400, but abandoned it due to celctic pressures and maintenance costs
|
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Nonetheless, Romans left two legacies that would be crucial to London's later history
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1) an established city
2) superior road systems that linked it with the hinterland |
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Londoners welomed william as their King, and the site of William's coronation and residence was critical to the history of London for 3 reasons:
|
1) an important political residence situated in the immediate vicinity of the financial capital- giving London the power of the double magnet- fincancial and political sector
2) establishment of city of westminster meand that incomers would fill the land between, dragging london west of the original walled city 3) establishment of a royal residence in London tied their history to the nation's history |
|
by 1550, London had become
|
a world city
|
|
three reasons explain the transformation of London:
|
1) dicovery of the americas: london was a stop on the way
2) geographically isolated from rest of europe= seafaring nation - efficient sailing fleet 3) there was wool and merchants established a monopoly |
|
there has always been a link between __ and the development of ___
|
wealth, cultural ideas
|
|
Catastrophe
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-housing became scarce, leading to pollued streets.. and in a single year 2 things happened
1) unsanitary conditions= great plague of 1665-1666- claimed 100,000 in 8 mts 2) great fire put an end to the bubonic plague and the city of London was destoryed * rebuilt itself 40 years later |
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the onset of the ____ spurred the growth of London as never before
|
industrial revolution of the 1700s... they needed help colonizing areas to get materials, which led to the British empire.. which controlled destinies of 1/4 of the worlds population
|
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after 1900, life improved, and WWI...
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united the country against a common enemy, and ironically, the great depression helped equalize the suffering and cut some of the bottom out
|
|
Luftwaffe
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Hitler destoryed much of the city in 1940- but after WWII it rebuilt itself
|
|
London lost populations due to (2)
|
1) people shifting out of slums
2) decline in heavy industries * however, they gained tourists |
|
As England's colonies became independent states...
|
the empire disappeared as well as the welath with it
- long term unemplyoment unknown until the 60s and 70s |
|
this led to a flip in the economic structure, with
|
the finance and business sector beating out manufacturing in 2001
- led to renewed interests in living in cities |
|
this led to gentrification, where developers (3)
|
1) converted multi-occupied homes into single family ones
2) converted old warehouses into lofts 3) built new residences along the river and old docklands |
|
"international rich"
|
these people took up residene in inner city housing, but expressed little interest in civic engagement or community bonding
- *side note: huge minority population from international migration |
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the emergence of the machine was huge, and affected __ cities more than anywhere else, which cause the population to __
|
European; explode
|
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sociology was born in ___, and can be considered a __ of the ____, it was started by ___
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Europe, child, industrial revolution, Comte
|
|
Marx feels social transformation comes from
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conflict between capitalists and proletariat
|
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he felt that to argue social problems as the fault of indiviuals was a form of ___
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false consciousness- capitalism is the real problem
|
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Marx and engels saw the rise of the city as transition from ___ to ___
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barabrianism, civilization
|
|
asiatic modes of production
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some cities remained chained to the bonds of the primitive community- limited DOL, common property, lack of indiviualism,
|
|
Marx and engeles beleieved the prcess of city development would further evolved into ___
|
ultimate socialism
here, they felt workers would become aware of the real cause of their problems, unite, and act together to transform society |
|
tonnies natural
Durkheim natural |
- tribal/rural
- city is natural |
|
durkheim cautions that no socity can exist entirely on the basis of __
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contract
|
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Durkheim saw social bonds ___ through city life, while tonnies saw them ___ in city life
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perpetuate, decline
|
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Simmel
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- suggested the personality would accomodate to urban scene
- intensification of stimulii - learn to tune things out |
|
Simmel saw the city as the setting where great historical contests between ____ and ___ would occur
|
human liberation and alienation
|
|
he felt the most powerful means of urban rationality was
|
money
|
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he felt that the urbanite adapts to city life by devleoping a ____ attitude
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blase (reseve and detachment) - thinking with head not heart
- this difference may become antagonism |
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he said people feel like ___ in ___
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cogs in machines. I.e. do things like grafitti to make themselves known
|
|
Therefore, Simmel was pessimistic as well but
|
felt the city would still prevail
|
|
bystander effect
|
a social problem in which the larger number of people involved in a situation, the more responsibility among the group becomes diffused
|
|
why did weber not like other theorists ideas
|
because they only took into account cities in one part of the world and at one point in time
|
|
Die Stadt
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- essay where he surveyed many cities
- developed a definition of full urban community |
|
full urban community
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a settlement that displays a relative prodominance of trade-commericial relations, with the settlement as a whole displaying the following features:
1) a fortification/military 2) a market 3) court of its own/autonomous law 4) related form of association (social relationships w meaningful pariticipation for citizens) 5) political automoy |
|
this definition is an example of
|
an ideal type= a model constructed from real world observation that highlights the crucial elements of some social phenomenon
|
|
who deserved the title of full urban community?
|
he thought only the fortified, self-sufficient cities of th medievval period
- he felt newer ones lose their military and political autonomy |
|
whats so important about military and political autonomy
|
he saw them as necessary for psychologically identifying the city as home
|
|
How did weber stand out
|
he did not see the city itself as the cause for distinguising qualities of urban life, he linked it to larger social processes, especially culture
|
|
urban sociologists began to develop in the US about the time of __
|
WW!
|
|
Park saw urban life not as __ or ___, but rather
|
chaos, disorder, but as an orderly and typical grouping of its populations and institutions
|
|
what was wirth's greatest contribution
|
he built on previous concepts and organized them into the first truely sociological theory of the city
|
|
wirth began with a definition of the city as three things
|
1) large
2) dense and permanent 3) socially and culturally heterogenous |
|
social segmentation
|
specialization organizes human relationships more on an "interest-specific" basis (we understand people in regards to their roles, not who they are... look at what they can do for us)
|
|
ecological specialization
|
dense populations produce distinct neighbourhoods and districts
|
|
natural areas
|
places evolving as unplanned clusters
|
|
wirth was overall __
|
pessimistic, and saw the city as an acid dissolving traditional values and undermining formation of insitutions and relationships
|
|
he felt that ___ would take over
|
social disorganization
|
|
Wirth felt the essence of being an urban liver was being ____
|
cosmopoitan
|
|
Merton drew a distinction between cosmopolites and localites
|
cosmopolites= rootless and think of wider possibilites
localites- born in the area where they live- entwined with everything there |
|
Gans was a critic of
|
wirth
|
|
he saw the city as a
|
mosaic of many lifestyles, only some of which resemble the cosmo exlained by wirth
|
|
he identified four types of urban lifestyles
|
1) cosmos- educated, sophisticates, live in city for opps
2) unmarried/childless 3) ethnic villagers= 1st/2nd generation working class- sustain rural patterns 4) deprived/trapped= poor, handicapped,broken homes, non-whites |
|
with a comparison of Wirth and Gans, we can see that urbanization doesnt necessarily generate
|
urbanism- a single distinctive way of life
|
|
Fischer
|
-created a subcultural theory of urbanism that rejected Wirth, and said that urban milieu strngthens not destroys group relatonships
|
|
he felt that
|
similar people seek eachother out in a city, and increased contact leads to mutual influence through cultural diffusion
|
|
Fisher's critical mass=
|
when people come together they gain this, which is the level needed to generate self-sustaining momentum
|
|
OVERALL, the dominant characteristics of urban relationships concluded by most theorists would be (3)
|
loneliness, indifference, and anonymity
|
|
the biggest mistake of classical theorists
|
to allow the public demeanor- the most visible aspects of the city- to become the basis of theorires about urban life
|
|
most provocative conclusion
|
that humans react to increasing populations with psych disorder or antisocial disorder- crime, deviance, mental issues
|
|
Calhoun found that in rat populations, overcrowding produced a reaction he termed
|
behavioural sink= an environment of aborted pregnancies, infant mortality, homosexuality, and cannibalism occurred - he did not apply this to humans,
|
|
who applied it to humans?
|
hall. believed humans need a certain amount of space around them- no biological proof of this
|
|
urban malaise
|
suggests that conditions of density aside, the urban environment created loneliness, depression, and anxiety more readily than any other types of settlement
- no proof of this either |
|
we now look at _____ , not called critical urban sociology anymore
|
new urban sociology
|
|
Houston
|
booming since 50s due to oil and cheap shipping of gulf of Mexico- second port in country
- energy capital of the world |
|
Miami
|
tourism/retirement hot spot
=known for specialized goods due to cuban american community |
|
Montreal
|
service based, situated on rivers
|
|
salt lake city
|
mormons, only area within miles to have a huge population
|
|
Washington DC
|
capital city. political space
|
|
Industrial location theory (Alfred Weber)
|
suggested that an industry would locate where the transportation costs of both raw materials and final product would be lowest
|
|
7 factors for why cities occur in areas
|
1) natural crossroads
2) break-of-bulk points 3) access to raw materials 4) amenity city 5) admin/political city 6) strategic military location 7) religious/educational reasons |
|
radiocentric cities
|
radiate outward from a common centre in the shape of a contained protected by geographical features
|
|
although the radial pattern is the rule in most countries, it is the exception in ___
|
NA
|
|
in NA, we find ____ cities instead
|
gridiron
|
|
5 zones in Burgess model
|
1) loop
2) zone in transition 3) zone of working homes 4) residential zone 5) commuter zone |
|
why did harris and ullman feel multiple nucleii develop (2)
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1) certain types of activities require specialized facilities
2) multiple CBD can be the result of annexation |
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most important part of multiple nucleii theory
|
it seriously questions the notion that urban land use is predictable
|
|
some say urban ecology is too biological, because it pays little attention to
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1) choice
2) culture in the city 3) community |
|
census tract
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averages about 4,000 residents and typically contains homogenous units with respect to pop. characteristics, economic status, and living conditions
- can classify each tract and compare it to others |
|
why did the LA school emerge
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as a spin-off from the multiple nucleii theory and as a rejection of the Chicago school
|
|
emphasizes ___ as the new reality of urban growth
|
multicentred, dispersed patterns
|
|
Banham descrived 4 basic ecologies that differed markedly from those advanced by the Chicago school
|
1) suburbia(beach cities
2) foothills (bel air) 3) plains of Id (central flatlands) 4) autopia (freeways) * harsh on the Id |
|
Suisman insisted that ___, and not ___ are way gave form to structure and community
|
boulevards, not freeways
|
|
Soja felt that LA is a decentralized metropolis with a ___ power structure that is becoming increasingly ___
|
fragmented, disorganized
|
|
he views LA as resembling a giant ___
|
agglomoration of theme parks (due to global capitalism)
- he suggests the future of urbanism will resemble LA |
|
Mike Dear
|
leading advocate of LA school, agrees that the city is a prototype for fragmentation, but feels it is NOT outside mainstream, and that all urban centers will resemble this
|
|
Molotch
|
says LA analysts assumes things are way more local than they are
|
|
Sampson
|
neither LA or chicago can be reduced to one model
|
|
Wirth says a city is
|
large, dense, permanent settlement with social and cultural heterogenity
|
|
his 4 characteristics of size
|
1) diversity of characteristics
2) occupational sepcialization 3) increase in relations (relations of utility- what can you do) 4)"loosening of morals" - individuality replacing tradition |
|
he finds 4 characteistics of density
|
1) ecological specialization (areas of city specialized- ethnic areas, etc)
2) loss of sensitivity to surroundings 3) increased tolerance 4) increased social distance |
|
three characteristics of heterogenity
|
1) increased social mobility
2) insecurity and instability (apathy and anomie) 3) standardization-importance of money |
|
Positive
|
or negative?
|
|
Marx and engels
|
mostly optimistic
|
|
Tonnies
|
pessimistic
|
|
Durkheim
|
optimistic
|
|
Simmel
|
mixed, mostly negative
|
|
Weber
|
Mixed
|
|
Park
|
Optimistic
|
|
Wirth
|
Negaticve
|
|
Gans
|
Mixed, mostly positive
|
|
Fischer
|
Optimistic
|