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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who created CBT? |
Aaron Beck |
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What are the 3 important features of CBT? |
1. Solution focused 2. Time limited 3. Present focused |
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What is the goal of CBT? |
1. Identify automatic thoughts 2. evaluate how realistic they are 3. change them into more realistic thoughts Want to help people get better and stay better |
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What therapeutic model is CBT modeled after? How is it different from the previous model? |
REBT by Ellis Less confrontational and has a strong basis of science in its techniques |
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"It is not the actual situation that affects how people feel, but their automatic thoughts about the situation." What model believes this? |
CBT |
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What are the 3 components of the cognitive triad? |
Thought --> emotion --> behavior |
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What is Exposure/Response Prevention Therapy? |
Removes the performance of these behaviors and eventually the need to perform them (one must confront their fears to learn how to cope with them) |
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What is behavior activation? |
Counteracting behaviors of negative reinforcement with meaningful activities that boost self-efficacy and motivation |
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What is cognitive restructuring? |
Using the cognitive triad to identify and dispute automatic thoughts, then reframing them with positive thoughts |
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What are the 2 types of Bibliotherapy? |
Clinical and developmental |
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What is the difference between clinical and developmental bibliotherapy? |
Clinical is a traditional, reactive approach to student's need, happens in a structured environment; administered by skilled professionals Developmental is a proactive approach, used to address problems before they arise. Helps guide students through predictable life stages with knowledge and examples |
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Why is bibliotherapy helpful? |
Helps students to verbalize thoughts, feelings, and emotions |
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What are the 4 stages of bibliotherapy? |
1. Identify problem 2. Select appropriate literature 3. Present the literature 4. Follow up |
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What are the 4 follow up strategies for bibliotherapy? |
discussion creative writing art activities role playing |
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What are the benefits of middle school counseling? |
1. invites counselor into initiate a relationship 2. gives counselor a chance to directly impact students 3. Helps counselors identify those who need extra assistance 4. teaches students healthy coping skills |
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As a middle school counselor, it is important to understand students' struggles ________________. |
within their context |
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According to ASCA, what is the recommended percentage of time in the delivery of guidance curriculum for middle school counselors? |
25-35% |
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What is the definition of depression? |
mental state including loss of joy and inability to take pleasure in that which was once pleasurable |
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What is the definition of anxiety? |
a source of psychic energy that propels us into action |
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What is the most commonly diagnosed mental health issue for children and adolescents |
anxiety |
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What is the percentage of children with a second psychiatric disorder? |
40-70% |
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How can depression and anxiety impact students when not addressed? |
-hinder personal, social, academic development -impair social skills -impair academic success -increase risk of bullying -increase risk of further depression, addiction, suicidality |
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What are the benefits of group counseling? |
- address developmental milestones - are an efficient intervention compared to individual counseling in schools - provides a forum for student-to-student learning - provides a microcosm for students to practice real-life situations |
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What is the recommended max number of members for primary level groups? What about for middle and high school groups? |
4 and 8 |
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What are the 3 types of school counseling groups? |
1. Encouraging Growth - personal development 2. Improve School Climate - making lives better for all in school community (proactive) 3. Reformative Groups - learning to cope after tragedy (reactive) |
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Essay Response Question: Why is it important for school to support sex/gender minority students? |
These students have higher risk of: - suicidal ideation & attempts - truancy/dropout - depression - substance abuse - homelessness |
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What happens when sex/gender minority populations are not supported? |
- not doing their job and upholding ethics - students fall through cracks - school climate can become toxic - students likely unprepared for life after high school |
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What are the 3 components of LGBTQIA competency for counselors in schools? |
1. self awareness 2. understanding of LGBTQIA identity development 3. creating a LGBTQIA-affirmative school climate |
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4 Ways to support a positive school climate for LGBTQIA: |
1. be visible 2. spread the word 3. understand the importance of language 4. don't ignore ant-LGBT comments/behavior |
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5 components of the Professional School Counselor’s role that can bolster support for LGBTQIA: |
- Competency - Advocacy - Large Group Guidance - Support Groups - Faculty In-service Training |
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Essay Response Questions: What are some warning signs of self-destructive behaviors? |
Cuts, bruises, burn marks, wearing extra/unnecessary clothing to cover body, bloodshot eyes, slurred speech, change in grades or interest in school, chipmunk cheeks, disappearing to restroom, dental issues |
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Why do students engage in distructive behaviors? |
- control - punishing self - emotional issues - coping strategy -lack of support |
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What are the steps to helping self-harming students? |
- Inform parents and authorities when necessary - refer them to psychologist/ outside help - collaboratively develop coping strategies - help student set appropriate goals |
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What is the transactional model of stress? |
Stress comes from the individuals perceptions of whether or not they have the resources to cope |
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What is eustress and distress? |
positive, motivational negative, destructive |
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Essay Response Question How do you deal with resistance in counseling? |
1. start with easy questions 2. don't demand eye contact 3. consider incentivizing for timeliness 4. use good listening 5. practice empathy 6. establish rules and reinforcers 7. wait out silence |
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Essay Response Question: What is the RESPECTFUL cube? What is it used for? |
Religious Ethnicity Sexual Psychological maturity Economic background Chronological development challenges Threats to well-being Family history/dynamics Unique physical characteristics Location To enhance and develop the client’s improvement in all aspects by recognizing their complexity |
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Essay Response Question: What are the steps to a school-wide crisis response? |
1. Confirm death 2. prepare faculty with mandatory meeting 3. Carefully plan student's return 4. Provide support for students & staff 5. Stay in contact with parents 6. Continually meet with crisis response team 7. re-evaluate school's need for outside assistance 8. Be on alert for additional causes of trauma 9. Have afterschool debrief |
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Essay Response Question: How can you intervene in classroom acting-out behaviors? |
1. offer reinforcers 2. group students with positive peers 3. set firm boundaries 4. work to differentiate counselor to class as counselor to teacher |
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What is the difference between diagnosis and eligibility? |
- diagnosis is given by an outside provider and eligibility is determined by a school assessment team - diagnosis indicates life impairment, eligibility indicates educational impairment |
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Which qualifies the student for SpEd? |
eligibility |
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____________ are set by industry professionals while _______________ is set by IDEA and state authority. |
Diagnosis and eligibility |
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Classical conditioning pairs a stimulus with which kind of response? |
involuntary |
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Operant conditioning pairs a stimulus with which kind of response? |
voluntary (think motive) |
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Which form of conditioning uses US, UR, CS, and CR? |
Classical |
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What does reinforcement do in operant conditioning? |
it increases desirable behavior |
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What does punishment do in operant conditioning? |
It reduces undesirable behavior |
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What does the positive component of operant conditioning? |
it "adds" to an event |
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What does the negative component of operant conditioning do? |
it "removes" something from an event |
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This example represents which form of operant conditioning? "Parent stops nagging when child cleans room" |
negative reinforcement negative = stop nagging reinforcement = child will clean room |
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This example represents which form of operant conditioning? "Spanking to reduce talking back" |
positive punishment positive = adding spanking punishment = reduces talking back |
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This example represents which form of operant conditioning? "Ignoring a child during a temper tantrum" |
negative punishment negative = not responding to child punishment = child stops throwing tantrum |
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This example represents which form of operant conditioning? "Giving tokens to increase compliance" |
positive reinforcement positive = giving tokens reinforcement = child is good |
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What is primary prevention? What is a good in-classroom example for students who act out? |
intervention aimed at avoiding a problem before it has chance to occur Example: good behavior game, PBIS |
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What is secondary prevention? What is a good in-classroom example for students who act out? |
making an early determination of problems before they become major problems Example: social skills group |
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What is tertiary prevention? What is a good in-classroom example for students who act out? |
providing counseling to a student once there is a clearly defined problem that requires immediate attention Example: specialist involvement, behavior contracts |
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What is the incremental theory regarding G/T students? |
Intelligence is not given, rather it is a skill that is developed over time (Dweck) |
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How are G/T students selected? |
1. nomination 2. annual opportunities 3. committee decision |
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What are the risks of being a "gifted" student? |
Higher rates of perfectionism, anxiety, SMI, and NSSI |
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What is FAPE? |
Free and Appropriate Public Education created to give disabled children opportunity to go to school |
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What is IDEA? |
It is how disabled children are identified, how their rights are established, their parent's rights, etc. is basis for SpEd administration |
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What is IEP? |
individualized education plan; dictates how school will manage child for that year |
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What is LRE? |
least restrictive environment |
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What is special about an IEE (Independent, external evaluation)? |
Is given to parents who disagree with FIE (full individual evaluation) rejection and want a second evaluation done; not common |
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What are the qualifiers for SpEd eligibility? |
1. disability HAS to have an impact on education 2. follows FIE from appropriate school personnel 3. child demonstrates a need for special instruction |
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What is section 504? What are the 2 pitfalls of this ruling? |
prohibits discrimination based upon disability 1. cannot modify curriculum 2. cannot collect tax money |
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Essay Response Question: What are some examples of behavioral addictions? What should you do? |
Gaming, exercise, drugs -Recognize and report -Be aware of signs of physical, sexual abuse or neglect -You have 48 hours by law to do so |
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What is the Fundamental Attribution Error? |
When others behave poorly, it’s because they are bad (internal,stable attribution) When I behave poorly, it’s because something else caused me to (external, temporary attribution) |
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What are some considerations to have when working with children and adolescents? |
- use age as a moderator for conversation - using IQ is most recommended for moderator - emotional arousal inhibits cognitive functioning - fundamental attribution error |
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What is an example of problems of affect? |
depression, anxiety, eating disorders, social isolation |
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What is an example of problems of relationships? |
parental or social |
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What is an example of problems of attention & focus? |
ADHD, disruptive behaviors |
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What is an example of problems of human development? |
intellectual disability |
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What did Pavlov do in classical conditioning? |
He focused on training innate behaviors to respond to new stimuli *He was not training new behaviors, just modifying current ones |
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What was Watson known for in classical conditioning? |
Little Albert study; liked to condition emotional responses in humans |
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What is the conditioned stimuli? |
The object that is used to induce a conditioned response |
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What is the conditioned response? |
What artificially happens following exposure to conditioned stimuli (is same as UCR, now with conditioning added) |
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The stimuli is the ____________ while the response is the _________________. |
object, reaction |
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What is learned helplessness? |
when subject cannot escape aversive stimuli, theyaccept fate and deal with inability to fix |
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What is external locus of control? |
“things happen to me and Idon’t have much control over them” |
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What is Operant Conditioning? |
Learning a new (not innate) behavior Skinner |
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If the subject is already motivated by a primary reinforcement, what should we NOT do? |
Try to use a secondary reinforcement to further increase behavior. It will eliminate drive. |
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What is the most effective schedule of reinforcement? |
variable-ratio = frequency changes |
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What is the premack principle? |
first do a non-preferred behavior and then getrewarding behavior |
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Why are formal memorials not recommended? |
1. Difficult to maintainconsistency if it reoccurs2. Have to be careful aboutglamourizing cause of death |
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Who are high-risk individuals after a crisis? |
- students directly involved/exposed - were related or close to victim - have experienced numerous or significant trauma - have pre-existing emotional concerns - young children, elderly, disabled - missed opportunity for recent interaction |
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What should you NOT tell the student body after another student has committe suicide? |
saying that no one could haveprevented the suicide |
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What are 3 post-intervention don'ts of suicide? |
1. dismiss school early or encourage funeral attendance during school hours 2. dedicate official memorial 3. hold a large assembly to notify everyone |
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What is PREPaRE used for? |
mitigating long-term trauma damage to individuals |
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What is the Skilled Counselor Training Model? |
a self-assessmentto improve one's own counseling skills; useful to becoming familiar with issues of diversityyou may not be familiar with |
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What are the 2 ways we adapt the SCTM to the RESPECTFUL CUBE? |
- Identify potential counselor/client conflicts onthe “cube” - Adapt skills of SCTM model to RESPECTFUL domains |
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What is reliability? |
consistency across test scores from the administration of the test "Repeatability" |
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What is validity? |
are we accurately testing what we want to measure; credibility of the research "Believability" |
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What is the difference between internal and external validity? |
Internal - the instruments or procedures usedin the research measured what they were supposed to measure. External - the results can be generalizedbeyond the immediate study. |
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What are the 3 main types of testing? |
Standardized -- giventhe same way to everyone who takes it Norm-referenced -- A prior norm group is established that’ssupposed to be representative of population and your score is being compared tothat group (ex. SAT) Criterion-referenced -- Does not start with performance of group ofpeople; rather, your score is compared to a skill checklist and you either passor not |
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Which subjects do men and women tend to do better on? |
Men - math/science women - language |
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What is the strongest correlation between the score gap and racial/ethnic groups? |
SES |
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Which two areas are known to affect test scores? |
family and school/community |
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What is RtI? |
the assessment of how a student responds to an intervention; is continuous progress monitoring is basis for SpEd eligibility |
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What are the 3 tiers of RtI? |
1. universal interventions (everyone can use) 2. Targeted group interventions 3. comprehensive & intensive interventions (one on one) -similar to forms of prevention -Need parents permission for tier 2 and 3 |
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What is program evaluation? |
- Systematicmethod of evaluating quality of counseling program - often counselors are called upon for this - based on goals vs. outcomes Standards of quality -- utility, feasibility, propriety, accuracy |
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What is the Action Research Cycle? |
Using research to solve real-life problems; it is a constant self-evaluation of a program 1. identify 2. gather data 3. analyze & interpret 4. formulate a POA 5. implement 6. evaluate outcomes 7. amend plan 8. take a second action plan |
