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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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an information system that uses computer hardware and software to perform its information processing activities
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computer-based information system
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a group of interrelated components working together toward a common goal by accepting inputs and producing outputs in an organized transformation process
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system
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a system that uses the resources of hardware, software, and people to perform input, processing, output, storage, and control activities that transform data resources into information products
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information system
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what is the most important factor of an information system?
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people
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hardware, software, telecommunications, database management, and other information processing technologies used in computer-based information systems
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information technology (IT)
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what is the right information - right person - right time - right format?
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information systems
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how do you measure the success of an information system?
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through efficiency and effectiveness
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minimize cost, time and use of information resources
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efficiency
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support business strategies, enable business processes, enhance organizational structure and culture, increase the customer and business value
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effectiveness
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How do you develop information system solutions?
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investigate, analyze, design, implement, and maintain
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what are the components of an IS?
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people, hardware resources, and software resources
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the people who use the IS or the info. from the IS
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end users
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the people who develop and operate IS
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developers or IS specialists
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all physical devices used in information processing ; machines, data media, peripherals
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hardware resources
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all info. processing instructions including programs and procedures; system software, application software, and procedures
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software resources
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as a business professional, what should you be able to identify from looking at an IS?
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the people, hardware, software, data and network resources they use; the type of information products they produce; the way they perform input, processing, output, storage and control activities
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what was the first electronic and digital computer
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ENIAC
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when was it recognized?
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1946
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Describe it.
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programmable, 5000 calculations per second, used vacuum tubes
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what were some drawbacks of it?
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its size and it could only do one program at a time
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directly stores and retrieves data; each storage position has unique address and can be accessed in same length of time; semiconductor memory chips, magnetic disks
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direct access or random access
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data is stored and retrieved in a sequential process; must be accessed in sequence by searching through prior data; magnetic tape
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sequential access
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what are 2 types of semiconductor memory?
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1)RAM - random access memory
2)ROM - read only memory |
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most widely used primary storage medium; volatile memory; read/write memory; type of memory that temporarily holds data and instructions needed shortly by the CPU
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RAM
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called firmware; can be read but cannot be overwritten; frequently used programs burnt into chips during manufacturing; non-volatile form of storage
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ROM
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what are 2 software types?
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1) application software
2) system software |
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programs that perform common information processing jobs for end users; examples are word processing, spreadsheet, or inventory or payroll programs; also called productivity package
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application software
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programs that control and support the operation of a computer system, including operating systems, database managment systems, communications control programs, service and utility programs, and programming language translator programs
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system software
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what are some software alternatives?
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outsourcing development and maintenance of software; use application service providers (ASP)
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companies that own, operate and maintain application software and computer system resources; use the application for a fee over the internet; pay-as-you-go
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ASPs (application service providers)
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also referred to as free software; software that can be modified; typically acquired with a license; license will grant you the right to run the software, own the source code, modify the source code and distribute copies of the software; its free, but you have to pay for training, support, documentation
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open-source software
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instruction set used to direct the actions of a computer or computer system; there are 4 levels
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programming languages
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what are the 4 levels?
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machine languages (use binary coded instructions), assembler languages (use symbolic coded instructions), high level (use brief statements or arithmetic notations), fourth generation (use natual and nonprocedural statements)
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1st generation languages; all program instructions had to be written using binary codes unique to each computer; programmers had to know the internal operations of the specific type of CPU
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machine languages
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second generation languages; symbols are used to represent operation codes and storage locations; need language translator programs to convert the instructions to machine languages; used by system programmers (who program system software)
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assembler languages
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third generation languages; instructions use brief statements or arithmetic expressions; macroinstructions; easier to learn than assembler; machine independent; less efficient than assembler
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high-level languages
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variety of programming languages that are nonprocedural and conversational
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fourth generation languages
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help programmers identify and minimize errors while they're programming (graphical programming interfaces, programming editors, debuggers)
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programming tools
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what are some programmin tools?
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summarize intitial requirements, develop flow diagrams,scheduling development tasks, preparing documentation, controlling software versions, developing program code
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a combination of many programming tools into a single application with a common interface; used in different stages of the systems development process
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CASE (computer assisted software engineering) tools
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early DBMS structure; records arranged in tree-like structure; relationships are one to many; worked for structured routine transaction processing; can't handle many to many relationships
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hierarchical relationships
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used in some mainframe DBMS packages; many to many relationships; more flexible than hierarchical; unable to handle ad hoc requests
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network structure
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most widely used structure; data elements are viewed as being stored in tables; row represents record; column represents field; can relate data in one file with data in another file if both files share a common data element; easily respond to ad hoc requests; easier to work with and maintain; not as efficient or quick as hierarchical or network
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relational structure
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when data are organized, stored, and processed in independent files of data records
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file processing
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what are some problems with this?
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data redundancy, lack of data integration, data dependence, lack of data integrity or standardization
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