Circulation And Gas Exchange

Front 1

Where must exchange of materials between an organism and its environment take place?

Back 1

Across a moist cell membrane

Front 2

What do most invertebrates have for internal transport?

Back 2

Gastrovascular cavity

Front 3

Why do small invertebrates not need a specialized internal transport system?

Back 3

Their bodies are only a few layers thick and are bathed in a watery environment

Front 4

Open circulatory system

Back 4

Circulatory system in which hemolymph bathes internal organs directly while moving through sinuses

Front 5

Hemolymph

Back 5

Fluid that acts as both blood and interstitial fluid

Front 6

What causes contractions in an open circulatory system

Back 6

Contractions of dorsal vessel and body movements

Front 7

Where does chemical exchange between hemolymph and cells occur?

Back 7

I'm the sinuses or spaces between organs

Front 8

What kind of animals have open circulatory systems?

Back 8

Insects and mollusks

Front 9

Closed circulatory system

Back 9

Circulatory system in which blood is confined to vessels and a distinct interstitial fluid is present

Front 10

What animals have closed circulatory systems?

Back 10

Worms, squids, octopuses, and vertebrates

Front 11

Venules

Back 11

Capillaries rejoin and form these which converge to form veins

Front 12

Describe a fish heart

Back 12

One atrium one ventricle

Front 13

Heart rate

Back 13

Beats per minutes

Front 14

Cardiac cycle

Back 14

Complete sequence of contraction and relaxation

Front 15

Systole

Back 15

Heart muscle contracts and chambers pump blood

Front 16

Diastole

Back 16

Heart muscles relax and chambers fill with blood

Front 17

Myogenic

Back 17

Self excitable

Front 18

What controls the tempo of contraction?

Back 18

Sinoatrial node

Front 19

Where is the sinoatrial node?

Back 19

Right atrium wall near superior vena cava entrance

Front 20

How does the SA node function?

Back 20

Contraction of SA node initiates wave of excitation that spreads and causes two Atria to contract

Front 21

Atrioventricular node

Back 21

Located near wall separating atria, impulse is delayed to ensure atria are empty before causing ventricles to contract

Front 22

What influences the SA node?

Back 22

Two sets of nerves, hormones like epinephrine, Body temperature changes and exercise

Front 23

Three layers of arteries and veins

Back 23

Outer layer of connective tissue with elastic fibers, middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibers, inner layer of epithelium

Front 24

Is blood velocity faster in arteries or capillaries?

Back 24

Arteries

Front 25

Law of continuity

Back 25

Fluids will flow faster through narrow portions than wider portions

Front 26

Why is blood flow faster in arteries than capillaries?

Back 26

Total diameter of capillaries is larger than arteries

Front 27

Blood pressure

Back 27

Hydrostatic force that blood exerts against a vessel wall

Front 28

How do materials exchange between capillaries and interstitial fluid?

Back 28

Exocytosis and endocytosis

Front 29

What does the lymphatic system do?

Back 29

Returns fluid to blood and helps in body defense

Front 30

Liquid matrix that blood cells are suspended kn

Back 30

Plasma

Front 31

What makes up plasma?

Back 31

Water, electrolytes, and plasma proteins

Front 32

Electrolytes

Back 32

Inorganic salts in the form of dissolved ions that help maintain osmotic balance and buffer blood

Front 33

What maintains electrolyte balance in blood?

Back 33

Kidneys

Front 34

Serum

Back 34

Blood plasma that has had clotting factors removed

Front 35

What are the five major types of leukocyte?

Back 35

Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, an monocytes

Front 36

Platelets

Back 36

Fragments of cells that function in blood clotting

Front 37

What causes a clot to form?

Back 37

Platelets clump together and release clotting factors that initiate a reaction resulting in conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

Front 38

Fibrin

Back 38

Aggregates into threads to form blood clots

Front 39

Gas exchange

Back 39

Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an animal and its environment

Front 40

Air travel through body

Back 40

Enters nostrils to pharynx, then glottis, larynx, to trachea, to bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Front 41

Ventilation

Back 41

Any method of increasing the flow of respiratory medium over respiratory surface

Front 42

What do the medulla oblongata and pons do?

Back 42

Send impulses that stimulate diaphragm to contract

Front 43

3 forms carbon dioxide is transported by blood

Back 43

Dissolved carbon dioxide in plasma, bound to amino groups of hemoglobin, bicarbonate ions in plasma