Circulation

Front 2

Hypoxia

Back 2

Lack of oxygen anywhere in the body

Front 3

Circulatory system
Cardiovascular system

Back 3

Responsible for transport of oxygen, fluids, electrolytes, and products of metabolism via the blood to and from tissues

Front 4

Cardiovascular System

Back 4

heart and the blood vessels

Front 5

Layers of the heart

Back 5

Epicardium---Myocardium------Endocardium

Front 6

Heart

Back 6

A hollow, cone-shaped oragan about the size of a fist. It is located in the mediastinum, between the lungs and underlying the sternum

Front 7

Pericardium

Back 7

The heart is inclosed by a double layer of fibroserous membrane. The outermost, pericardium serves to protect the heart and anchor it to surrounding structures.

Front 8

Epicardium

Back 8

The visceral pericardium adheres to the surface of the heart, forming the heart's outermost layer

Front 9

Myocardium

Back 9

The heart wall contains two additional layers: the myocardium, cardiac muscle cells that form the bulk of the heart and contract with each beat.

Front 10

Endocardium

Back 10

Lines the inside of the heart's chambers and great vessels.

Front 11

Atria

Back 11

Two upper chambers of the heart

Front 12

Ventricles

Back 12

Two lower chambers of the heart

Front 13

Septum

Back 13

Separated longitudinally by the interventricular septum, forming two parallel pumps

Front 14

The atria and ventricles are deparated from one another by the

Back 14

Atrioventricular valves [AV]
the tricuspid valve on the right and the bicuspid or mitral valve on the left.

Front 15

Semilunar valves

Back 15

The ventricles, in turn, are separated from the great vessels [pulmonary arteries and aorta] by the semilunar valves, the pulmonic valve on the right and the aortic valve on the left. The valves serve to direct the flow of blood, allowing it to move from the atria to the ventricles, and the ventricles to the great vessesl, but preventiing backflow

Front 16

Venae cavae

Back 16

Deoxygenated blood from the veins enters the right side of the heart through the superior and inferior venae cavae

Front 17

Alveolar/capillary membrane

Back 17

From the Venae Cavae , it flows into the right ventricle, which pumps it through the pulmonary artery into the lungs for gas exchange at the alveolar/capillary membrane

Front 18

Aorta

Back 18

Fresh oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins. From here, the blood enters the left ventricle to be pumped out to the systemic circulation through the aorta

Front 19

Heart muscles

Back 19

Move blood to the lungs and peripheral tissues but receives no oxygen or norishment from the blood within its chambers

Front 20

Coronary Arteries

Back 20

Originate at the base of the aorta, branching out to encircle and penetrate the myocardium. The coronary arteries fill during ventricular relaxation, bringing oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium.

Front 21

Myocardium

Back 21

if the myocarduim becomes clogged with atherosclerotic plaque or are abstructed by a blood clot, the myocarduim is deprived of oxygen

Front 22

Angina

Back 22

Chest pains from lack of oxygen

Front 23

Myocardial Infarction

Back 23

Heart attack

Front 24

Systole

Back 24

When the heart ejects [propels] the blood into the pulmonary and systemic circulation

Front 25

Diastole

Back 25

When the ventricles fill with blood. The diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle is twice as long as the systolic phase

Front 26

Cardiac Muscle contraction

Back 26

Mechanical event that occurs in response to electrical stimulation. Cardiac muscle is unique in that, unlike skeletal muscle, it can generate an electrical impulse and contraction independently of the nervous system

Front 27

Automaticity

Back 27

A network of specialized cells and pathways known as the cardiac conduction system normally controls the electrical activity and contraction of the heart

Front 28

Sinoatrial Node
[SA ir sinus node]

Back 28

The primary pacemaker of the heart, located where the superior vena cava enters the right atrium. Initiates electrical impulses that are conducted throughout the heart and result in ventricular contraction

Front 29

Atrioventricular [AV] node

Back 29

The impulse then spreads throughout the atria via the interatrial pathways. These conduction pathways converge and narrow through the atrioventridular node, slightly delaying transmission of the impulse to the ventricles, This delay allows the atria to contract slightly before ventricular contraction occurs.

Front 30

From the AV node, the impulse then progresses down through the intraventricular septum to the ventricular conduction pathways:

Back 30

Bundle of His [the right and left branches]and the Purkinje Fibers

Front 31

Cardiac Output

Back 31

As the ventricles contract during systole, blood flows out of the ventricles through the aorta and pulmonary artery into the systemic and pulmonic circulation. The heart muscle then relaxes [the diastolic phase], allowing the ventricles to refill and cardiac muscle to be perfused

Front 32

Cardiac Output

Back 32

The amount of blood pumped by the ventricles in one minute

Front 33

Stroke Volume

Back 33

The amount of blood ejected with each contraction, times the heart rate
SV x HR=CO

Front 34

Heart Rate

Back 34

Increased heart rate increases cardiac output even if the strike volume doesn't change.Conversely, cardiac output decreases when the heart rate falls if the stroke volumn remains constant.

Front 35

Preload

Back 35

The degree to which muscle fibers in the ventricle are stretched at the end of the relaxation period [diastole]. Preload largely depends on the amount of blood returning to the heart from the venous circulation

Front 36

Inotropic Drugs

Back 36

Drugs that affect contractility

Front 37

Contractility

Back 37

is the inherent ability of cardiac muscle fibers to shorten or contract

Front 38

Afterload

Back 38

To move blood into the circulatory system, the ventricles must generate sufficient pressure to overcome vascular resistance or the pressure within the arteries, known as afterload.

Front 39

Right Ventricle

Back 39

Pumps blood into the low-pressure, low-resistance pulmonary vascular system, the pressures generated by the right ventricle are fairly low

Front 40

Left Ventricle

Back 40

Pumps blood into the higher pressure systemic arterial system, generating much higher pressures and requiring more work

Front 41

Preload

Back 41

Left ventricular end diastolic volume, stretch of the myocardium

Front 42

Afterload

Back 42

Resistance against which the heart must pump

Front 43

Muscular left ventricle

Back 43

Pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta. The blood then moves into major arteries that branch from the aorta and into successively smaller arteries, arterioles, and finally into the thin walled capillary beds that oxygen and nutrients are exchanged for metabolic waste products The deoxygenated blood then returns to the heart through a series of venules and veins that become progressively larger until they empty into the superior and inferior venae cavae

Front 44

Blood Vessel Walls have three distinct layer, or tunics

Back 44

Innermost layer, the tunica intima,smooth endothelium that facilitates blood flow

Front 45

Blood Vessel Walls #2

Back 45

Tunica media is made up of elastic fibers and smooth muscle cell innervated y the autonomic nervous system

Front 46

Blood Vessel Wall #3

Back 46

The outermost layer of blood vessels is the tunica adventitia A layer of connective tissue that supports, protects, and anchors the vessel to surrounding tissues

Front 47

Blood Pressure

Back 47

The force exerted on arterial walls by the blood flowing within the vessel

Front 48

Mean Arterial Pressure {MAP}

Back 48

Maintains blood flow to the tissues throughout the cardiac cycle.It is a product of the cardiac output times the PERIPHERAL VASCULAR RESISTANCE [PVR] or
COxPVR=MAP

Front 49

Blood

Back 49

1] Transporting oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the cells, and metabolic wastes from the tissues for elimination
2] Regulating body temperature, pH, and fluid volume
3] Preventing infection and blood loss

Front 50

Hemoglobin

Back 50

Major component of red blood cells [erythrocytes] the predominant cell present in blood

Front 51

Anemia

Back 51

To few red blood cells or RBCs that contain too little or abnormal hemoglobin. This leads to fatigue and activity intolerance

Front 52

Sinus Arrhythmia

Back 52

Irregular heart rates are common in infants and young children, often increasing and decreasing with each breath. This pattern of irregularity is known as sinus arrhythmia, a normal variation of the heart rate

Front 53

Fetal Circulation

Back 53

As fetal circulation takes place and pressures in the left side of the heart rise, the arterial blood pressure increases. Immediately afer birth [1 to 3 days of age] the blood pressure averages about 65/40. By 1 month the arterial pressure is about 90/55. It rises gradually to the adult 'norm' of 120/80 by approximately 16 years of age.

Front 54

Rheumatic Fever

Back 54

Inflammatory disorder that may occur following streptococcal infection [strep throat]leads to heart valve damage

Front 55

Atherosclerosis

Back 55

Buildup of fatty plaque within the arteries, is the major contributor to cardiovascular disease

Front 56

Risk Factors [for cardiovascular disease]

Back 56

generally are nonmodifiable[cannot be altered] or modifiable [can be reduced]

Front 57

Nonmodifiable Risk Factors

Back 57

1] Heredity
2]Age
3]gender

Front 58

Modifiable Risk Factors

Back 58

Elevated serum lipid levels, hypertension, cigarette smoking, diabetes, obesity and sedentary lifestyle

Front 59

Epinephrine

Back 59

Several effects including causing the heart to contract more forcefully, increasing heart rate, and stimulating peripheral vasoconstriction

Front 60

Norepinephrine

Back 60

Causes widespread vasoconstriction, which increases the blood pressure

Front 61

Homocysteine Level

Back 61

Homocysteine is an Amino Acid in many people with atherosclerosis, Clients with elevated homocysteine levels may have increased risk of many heart diseases, But can reduce these levels by taking a multivitamin : B6, B12, riboflavin and folate

Front 62

Cardiovascular

Back 62

Three major alterations in cardiovascular function are decreased cardiac output, impaired tissue perfusion, and disorders that affect the composition or amount of blood available for transport of gases.

Front 63

Myocardial Infarction {MI}
{Heart Attack}

Back 63

The vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle may become occluded by atherosclerosis or a blood clot, shutting off te blood supply to a portion of the myocardium. When this happens , the tissue becomes necrotic and dies. [particularly in the left ventricle}

Front 64

Heart Failure

Back 64

Develops if the heart is not able to keep up with the body's need for oxygen and nurtients to the tissues.

Front 65

Dysrhythmias

Back 65

Abnormalities of the heart rate and rhythm
Can be identified on the electrocardiogram [ECG]

Front 66

Ischemia

Back 66

Lack of blood supply due to obstructed circulation.
[Atherosclerosis is by far the most common cause of impaired blood flow to organs and tissues]

Front 67

Pulmonary embolism

Back 67

1] Sudden onset of shortness of breath 2]Pleuritic chest pain

Front 68

Thrombia

Back 68

[clot formation] may break lose and become an emboli. These emboli tend to travel as far as the pulmonary circulation where they become trapped in small vessels.

Front 69

Signs of Anemia

Back 69

1] Chronic fatigue
2] Pallor
3] Shortness of breath
4] Hypotension

Front 70

Hypervolemia

Back 70

[excessive blood volume] Clients with hypervolemia, which can result from fluid retention or kidney failure, may develope heart failure and peripheral edema, leading to tissue ischemia

Front 71

Cardiovascular System

Back 71

Much information about the cardiovascular system is obtained by assessing the skin for color, temperature, hair distribution, lesions and edema

Front 72

Two methods to assess for peripheral vascular disease include

Back 72

The Ankle/brachial index[ABI]
Toe brachial pressure index [TBPI]

Front 73

Holter monitor

Back 73

electrodes are attached and the client wears the monitor for 24 hours. A continuous ECG is recorded and laterf analyzed for irregularities.

Front 74

Electrocardiography and the Cardiac Monitor

Back 74

Electrocardiography most commonly uses 12 "leads" or 12 different views of the heart
Cardiac Monitor uses 2 or 3 leads at any given time

Front 75

Hemoglobin

Back 75

Hemoglobin is the molecule that oxygen attaches to , it gives an indication of the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. A decrease hemoglobin increases the risk of oxygen deficit in the tissues when cardiovascular disease is present.

Front 76

Creatine Kinase [CK]
and Troponin

Back 76

These ENZYMES are released into the blood as the cell membrane is damaged. Elevated levels of these enzymes can hrlp differentiate between an MI [when the cells actually die] and chest pain from a different cause such as angina or pleuritic pain

Front 77

Hemodynamic Studies

Back 77

Hemodynamics is the study of the forces or pressures involved in blood circulation

Front 78

Venous Thrombosis

Back 78

Without exercise of the calf and leg muscles, blood pools in the veins of the lower extremities, clots can develope [venous thrombosis] they can break loose and cause emboli, eventually lodging in the small vessels of the pulmonary vascular system. Blood flow and gas exchange in the lungs are impaired.

Front 79

Cardiac

Back 79

1] Position the client in a high Fowler's position to decrease preload and reduce pulmonary congestion
2] Monitor intake and output.Fluid restriction is not necessary for clients with mild to moderate cardiac dysfunction, With severe heart failure , a fluid restriction may be ordered

Front 80

Assessing for the effects of medications

Back 80

1] When diuretics are administered, the nurse assesses intake and output and potassium level [because many diuretics can lower potassium level]
2] When positive inotropic medications are administered, the nurse should assess blood pressure, heart rate, peripheral pulses, and lung sounds as indicators or cardiac output.
3] When antihypertensive medications are administered, it is critical for the nurse to monitor blood pressure. Additionally, many antihypertensive medications can cause postural hypotension

Front 81

Heparin

Back 81

The ow-molecular-weight heparins are anticoagulants used to provent deep vein thrombosis after hip, knee, or abdominal surgery. Given deep subcutaneous once a day or every 12 hours.