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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the components of the circulatory system? |
Pumps, vessels, and circulatory fluid. |
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What are the functions of the circulatory system? |
1. Maintains homeostasis 2. Transports solutes and cells 3. Transports heat 4. Transmits force |
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What is the difference between an open circulatory system and closed circulatory system? |
An open circulatory system occurs when the blood surrounds the organ, while in a closed circulatory system the blood is transported through small branch vessels in each organ. |
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How many circulatory circuits do mammals have and what are they called |
Mammals have two circulatory circuits: the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit. |
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What is the difference between the anterior/superior vena cava and the posterior/inferior vena cava? |
The ant/sup vena cava comes from the top half of the body, while the pos/inf vena cava comes from the bottom half. |
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What are the two types of valves in the heart and what do they separate? |
The atrioventricular valves [1] separate the atriums from the ventricle; the semilunar valves [2] separate the ventricles from the pulmonary artery/aorta. |
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What are the names of the two atrioventricular valves and where are they located? |
1. Tricuspid Valve - Separates the right atrium and right ventricle 2. Mitral/Bicuspid Valve - Separates the left atrium and left ventricle |
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What is the equation to determine cardiac output? |
Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume |
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Define Cardiac Cycle |
The cardiac cycle is one complete sequence of pumping and filling; it is an inherent activity of the heart and can be modified by outside influences |
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What is the difference between Systole and Diastole? |
Systole occurs when the heart muscles contract and the chambers pump blood; Diastole occurs when the heart muscle is relaxed and the chambers fill with blood. |
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How is the cardiac cycle regulated? (4 steps) |
1. Signals from the SA Node spread through the atria 2. Signals pause at the AV Node 3. Bundle branches pass signals to the heart apex 4. Signals spread throughout the ventricles via the Purkinje Fibers. |
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What are the three types of blood vessels? (If they have a subclass, name those as well) |
1. Arteries, arterioles 2. Capillaries 3. Veins, venules |
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Define Arteries and Arterioles |
Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart towards capillaries; arterioles are smaller branches of arteries convey blood to the capillaries. |
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Define Capillaries |
Capillaries are microscopic vessels that penetrate through the tissues and consist of a single layer of cells that allows exchanges between the blood and interstitial fluid. |
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Define Veins and Venules |
Veins return oxygen-depleted blood to the heart from the capillaries; venules convey blood between the capillary bed and the vein. |
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Explain the interrelationship of cross-sectional area of blood vessels, blood flow velocity, and blood pressure. |
Velocity varies inversely with total cross-sectional area of vessels; in other words, velocity is high in arteries, extremely slow in capillaries, and average in veins. Blood pressure decreases the further the blood travels from the heart. |
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How do you record blood pressure? What are the numbers recorded? What is the normal pressure of a healthy resting human? |
Blood pressure is recorded as two numbers - the systolic pressure[1] and diastolic pressure [2]. The normal blood pressure of a resting healthy human is 120/70. |
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What are the functions of the lymphatic system? |
1. Fluid balance - collect fluid and return it to blood circulation 2. Defence - lymph nodes have defence cells 3. Pick up fats from small intestine and transfer it to the blood |
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What is the thymus (lymphatic system)? |
The thymus is the site of maturation of T lymphocytes for the immune system |
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What do tonsils do? |
Tonsils handle infections in the mouth |
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What are functions of the spleen? |
1. Defence 2. Destroy red blood cells 3. Reservoir for blood |
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What is blood made of? |
Cellular elements and plasma (blood minus the cells) |
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Where do the cellular elements in blood come from? |
The cellular elements in blood come from pluripotent stem cells in bone marrow |
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What are the three cellular elements and what do they do? |
1. Leukocytes - Defence and immunity 2. Erythrocytes - Transport O2 and CO2 3. Platelets - Blood Clotting |
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What is the shape of erythrocytes? |
Erythrocytes are shaped like small, biconcave disks |
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What are the contents of erythrocytes? |
1. Hemoglobin 2. Spectrin 3. Glycolytic Enzymes 4. Carbonic Anhydrase |
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What is Erythropoiesis and how does it work? |
Erythropoiesis is the formation of erythrocytes - it takes four days and is initiated when not enough O2 reaches the tissues. It begins in bone marrow and ends in circulating blood. |
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How are erythrocytes destroyed? |
Erythrocytes either [1]break apart in capillaries due to mechanical stress, or [2]get eaten by macrophages in the spleen and liver |
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What are characteristics of Red Blood Cells (RBCs)? |
1. Erythrocytes 2. Lack nucleus and mitochondria 3. Made in red marrow of bones |
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What are three ways that the body prevents severe blood loss? |
1. Decreases blood pressure 2. Blood vessels are constricted 3. Coagulation (clotting) occurs |
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What is Fibrinolysis and what is the main enzyme it uses? |
Fibrinolysis is the dissolution of fibrin and thrombus, using mainly the enzyme plasmin. |
