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272 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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biodiversity
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variability amoung living org in a given ecosystem
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genetic diversity
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variation among individuals in a population and their genetic make up. As well as genetic make up between populations
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which biome has the most genetic diversity
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marine
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is coastal or pelagic more diverse?
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coastal
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Why is coastal more diverse?
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because there is more complex habitat
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species diversity
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the amount of species in a given area and their proportions
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endemism
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species occurring within a restricted locality
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phyletic diversity
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how many phyla there are in a given ecosystem or biome
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where is the highest phyletic diversity
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in the sea
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how many marine phyla are there
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35
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functional diversity
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range of functions that are performed by organisms in a system
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community diversity
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the amount of populations
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habitat diversity
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different habitats within an ecosystem
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landscape diversity
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mosaic of habitats over larger scales of hundreds of kilometers
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explain differences in diversity from the Artic to the Antartic
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Arctic is younger than the Antarctic and has less diversity and endemism. Arctic has more commercial fish species while the Antarctic has more invertebrates (krill and shrimp)
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Explain the diversity of macroalgae
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more diverse at temperate regions
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explain the diversity of bivalves
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highest at equator
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What area of the world has the highest marine biodiversity
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indonesia
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what area along the tropics has the lowest biodiversity
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the caribbean
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what is the pattern of sediment species diversity
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more diverse in deep sea
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what are the two largest threats to marine biodiversity
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ocean dumping and UV radiation
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what are some examples of threats to coastal systems
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habitat loss, global warming, overfishing, polution, invasive species, watershed alteration, tourism, marine litter, lack of ocean literacy
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What has contributed to reef loss
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sedimentation
dynamite and chemical fishing sewage pollution |
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intermediate disturbance hypothesis
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ecosystems are most diverse when there is an "intermediate" amount of disturbance
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what is the most significant effect of global warming on coastal ecosystems
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altered storm events and rainfall patterns
sea rise will also effect |
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what form of fishing does the most ecological damage
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bottom trawling
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What has lead to distinct differences between terrestrial and marine environments?
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very long dispersal distances, high fecundities, high adult vagility, large variance in reproductive success, complex life histories, large populations spread across the globe
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how does marine phyla diversity affect marine conservation biology
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one strategy for conserving cannot be applied in totality
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what are two forms of reproduction
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broadcast and internal fertilization
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what leads to more successful broadcast spawning
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being close to each other in proximity, calmer water, females collecting sperm
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allee effects
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reduction of mating success with declining density
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what is a problem with internal fertilization
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if populations are low, it is hard to find a mate
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relate larval stages to dispersal distances
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in general, it seems that the long the larval stage, the longer the dispersal distance
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invertebrate size to size of larvae
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smaller invertebrates have larger larvae
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explain rafting
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larvae float on sea weed at the surface to be transported. Algae can be transported this way as well
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Fecundity and offspring for marine vs terrestrial
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marine have a higher fecundity and offspring count
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low fecundity means how many offspring
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low offspring that are under parental care
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high fecundity means how many offspring
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high offspring that are usually broadcast
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most often what is the abundance of adults in a particular location dependent on?
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the recruitment of larvae, which is dependent upon physical conditions (weather and current) rather than biological
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supply side ecology
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the study of larval supply to a community
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is the connection between climate and recruitment direct or indirect?
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indirect through food supply, or direct through physical processes
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what ares some examples of recruitment hot spots
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circulation patterns around islands keep larva dispertion to the island
upwelling |
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What enhances larval dispersal
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their ability to move independently (or by riding currents) especially with regards to depth
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what are some ideas for populations that do not have a lot of genetic variation
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1) currents could prevent movement to other populations
2) there could be transport, but it is not to a new habitat 3) recruits could enter but selection could prevent them from spawning |
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The Allee effect is equivalent with what other terms
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inverse density dependence, positive density-dependence, and depensation
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What is another way of thinking of the allee effect
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increases in population density lead to increases in population growth
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what are conservation biologists most concerned about with populations
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that a given population will dip below its threshold and its size will decrease
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conspecific
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organism from the same species
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Allee effect as defined by Stephens
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the positive relationship between any aspect of fitness of an individual organism and the number or density of conspecifics
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demographic
stochasticity |
variability in population growth rates as a result of differences among individual survival and reproduction
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why is demographic stochasticity important?
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while it occurs in all populations, it is important in small populations because flucuations can drastically effect the survival of it
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what are things that effect demographic stochasticity and the allee effect
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sex ratios but not individual birth/death rates
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Why are sex ratios important with larger populations
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larger populations lead to a higher probability of 1 to 1 sex ratios
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how is broadcast spawning affected by the allee effect
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a reduction in the amount of males, leads to sperm limitation which decreases the amount of offspring that can be produced. Or, if animals are more spread out, then it can lead to not finding a mate.
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What things may lead to high fertilization
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spawning openly, but retaining eggs
self fertilization high population densities |
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what seems to be necessary for high internal fertilization
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increase number of individuals within a given area and no sperm limitation
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How could a decrease in adults reduce larval recruitment
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it has been shown that larvae are able to chemically detect where to settle in response to chemicals from adults. Less adults mean less recognition of a potential settling habitat
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how does adult presence affect juvenile retention
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adults provide protection to juveniles
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how do aggregations of adults benefit each other
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decrease mortality (early detection of predators and such)
increased success in finding food more shelter ability to find more mates |
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explain female responses to producing offspring with respect to population density
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low population densities --> increased amount of offspring
high population densities --> low amount of offspring |
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what two mechanisms produce smaller females and decreased egg production
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if there are more females than males, then females could turn into smaller males and there also could be fishing pressure that removes larger females, which produce larger larvae
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how are allee effects demonstrated in coral and algae competition
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coral has been reduced by being overgrown by algae.
increased mortality could mean that there are less spawning colonies increased algae can reduce coral settlement as well decrease in abundance of herbivores has also lead to a cascading effect on increasing algae cover |
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what temperature range is coral usually foundin
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18 C to 30 C
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what happens to coral in rapid salinity changes
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death
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list things that can affect bleaching
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increased T
sediments pesticides and copper ions increased or decreased light |
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Why are corals growing so close to their thermal limit?
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Historically, corals did not have much fluccuations in temperature. Being at their thermal limit is evidence that corals are not adapting to T changes as well
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why are there so few reports of bleaching before 1979
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sea temperatures did not become critical until the 1970swhen El nino began rising about them
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what does hoegh guldberg 1999 predict be the rate of bleaching
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increase to where it occurs annually by 2050
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what are consequences of increased blaeaching
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increased coral mortality
deacreased coral reproduction reduce reef productivity and growth |
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IPCC definition of climate change
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any change in the climate based upon humans or natural variation
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green house gases that contribute to global warming
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co2
ch4 halocarbons chlorofluorocarbons |
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explain ocean acidification
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increase co2 absorption by the water leads to an increase in bicarbonate ion production, which release hydrogen ion. the increase in hydrogen ion leads to co3 being extracted from caco3 structures in order to create more bicarbonate
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Hadley cell
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atmospheric air circulation patterns at the equator that is responsible for creating the trade winds
water evaporates from the sun at the equator which leads to a low pressure zone. the air flowing in to replace it is affect by the coriolis effect, creating the trade winds water vapor reaches a threshold altitude where it then becomes cold and condenses |
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how much of the worlds population lives with 100 km of the ocean
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40%
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how much of the earth is water
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71%
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How much of the world's water is saltwater
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97.5%
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What is the "tropics"
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refers to the area between the tropic of cancer and the tropic of capicorn
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how does nutrient overload and sedimentation affect corals?
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increases algae --> coral mortality
reduces calicification lower coral recruitment less zoox low skeletal density of corals reduced gamete formation |
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how deep are coral found in turbid waters
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10m
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fabricus et al 2005 reviews what 4 water quality parameters
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Dissolved inorganic nutrients
Suspended particulate organic matter Light reduction from turbidity Sedimentation |
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How does sedimentation affect corals?
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reduced calicification, tissue thickness, zoox density, photosynthesis, adult colony survival
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how does light reduction affect corals
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reduction calicification, tissue thickness, photosynthesis and adult colony survival
increase in zoox |
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how does particulate organic matter affect coral
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increase in calcification, tissue thickness, zoox density, photosynthesis, adult colony survival
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how does DIN affect coral
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reduced calicification, increased zoox and photop
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how does DIP affect coral
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reduced calic but inc photop
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where does turbidity most affect corals
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at deeper depths
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how does DIN affect reproduction of coral
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reduced fecundity, fertilization, embryos, settlement
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how does pom affect corals
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reduced fertilization, embryos, settlement
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how does light reduction affect corals
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reduced light reduction, settlement, recruitment, juv growth
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how does sedimentation affect corals
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reduced fecundity, settlement, recruitment, juv growth
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eutrophication
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increase in primary productivity as a result of increased nutrient load
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what is the driving factor behind eutrophication
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human population expansion
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eutrophication and algae
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leads to an increase in algae production which can smother corals
this can also increase phytop leading to brown and red tides |
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eutrophication and coral disease
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eutroph causes coral disease and also increases prevalence either through decrease immune systems or by increasing growth rates of the disease
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harmful algal blooms
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increased nutrients lead to increase in PP that have toxins that can bioaccumulate
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how does hypoxia and anoxia occur from nutrient overload
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increase in phytop leads to blooms that zoop can't consume.the remains are decomposed in the h2o column, leading to dead zones
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Relate population to ocean proximity
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40% of the worlds population is within 100 km of the coast which puts additional pressure on marine life
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what are the tropics
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between the tropic of cancer and capricorn
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how do coral reefs benefit us
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the protect the coasts
increase biodiversity absorb wave action provide food provide medicine etc |
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sea grass are how much of a carbon sink
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15%
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salinas
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salt pans that are no longer connected to a regular h2o source
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biodiversity
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variability amoung living organisms from all sources (plants, animals, etc)
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what are the types of biodiversity
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molecular, genetic, species, phyletic, functional, ecosystem, habitat
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how many undescribed species in the marine env
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6-30 million
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explain the species diversity in terms of a latitudinal gradient
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N pole to eq there is a gradient but not from S pole to eq
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Does diversity equate to productivity
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no
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name ways that biodiversity is important to us
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ecosystem services: food, shelter, pharmecueticals, ecotourism, biophilia, etc
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Why should biodiversity be conserved
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because of goods/services, right to exist ethic, it makes our planet livable, future generations
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convention on biological diversity
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was a part of the earth summit at rio de j in 1992. it is an international treaty:
1. conservation of biological diversity (or biodiversity); 2. sustainable use of its components; and 3. fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources |
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ramsar convention
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international treaty on the conservation of wetlands
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UNESCO
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UN Education Scientific and Cultural Organization, collaborates on those disciplines in order to promote peace and justice
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cms
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conservation management system
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UNCLOS
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UN convention on the land and of the seas
the law of the sea establishes laws and guidelines for business us environ and management of oceanic resources |
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Note: go over conservation principles
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done
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shifting baseline syndrome
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acceptance of current conditions as the baseline for all things, but this then changed every generation, which shifts the baseline from what it was
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what aspects of populations are important to look at for conservation
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density, richness, age structure, sex ratios, and distribution
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types of reproduction
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broadcast or internal
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developmental modes
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drifting planktonic
direct |
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fecundity
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the number of gametes
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density dependence
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aspect of the population that is affected by the number of individuals within it (pred, compe, parasit)
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density independence
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aspect that affects populations regardless of the amount of individuals (abiotic typically)
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supply sid
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change in larval supply
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water pollution
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degraded quality of fresh and marine water systems that causes detriment to environmental and human health
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point source pollution
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pollution that has a specific source that is known
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non point source pollution
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multiple/cumulative sources
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What pollution is a large treat to water quality
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untreated sewage
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Eutrophication
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the introduction of excess nutrients to an aquatic environment
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Break down where oil spills come from
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72% nonpoint
22% during transport 6% during extraction |
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sedimenation is a result of what
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deforestation, agriculture, coastal development, etc
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thermal pollution
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the introduction of warmer water to the source it was taken from
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Mechanical and noise pollution
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mechanical ex: boats
noise: sonar |
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What are proxies for climate change
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gases in ice, pollen grains, sediment, coral reefs, tree rings
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kyoto protocal
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reduce GH gases by 5.2% by 2010
187 countries signed not a lot of enforcement |
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macronutrients
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n p si
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micronutrients
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fe cu mn zn bo co
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what forms of n are most used
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no3 and no2
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what forms of phosphorus is use
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phosphate
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what form of silicon is used
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silicate so3 -2
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what planktonic organisms are made out of calicum carbonate
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coccoliths and forams
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how much marine life lives in the photic zone
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90 percent
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when does the termocline usually being
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200 m same for the halocline
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what is the dilemma between nutrients and light
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nutrients often fall below the photic zone and below stratified areas of the water column making it difficult for those nutrients to be brought to the surface
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5 major currents
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california, humbold, canary, benuela, somalin
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what is a way that PP obtains N for photosynth
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from bacteria remineralizing dead matter
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what are direct results of nutrient input from humans
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increase growth of phytop/eutrophic
HABs increased turbidity |
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indirect effects of nutrient inputs by humans
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hypoxia/anoxia
habitat loss localized temporary loss of biodiversity shift in pelagic and benthic structure |
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explain eutrophication in the baltic sea?
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eutroph had lead to an overgrowth by green/brown algae which caused light attenuation to be reduced to 3 m. Seaweeds moved up to that depth as a result and cod juvenille too
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explain eutrophication in terms of kanohe bay
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There was a miltary base, residential development, and population growth in the area int eh 1960s. In this time there was also a sewage fall out that was built. It was built in an area of the bay where the residence time was the longest. Bubble algae took over the reef. In 1978 the sewage outfall was closed and there was an increase in coral and decrease in algae
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Remember hypoxia/anoxia and DO levels
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DONE
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what happened in the black sea with nutrient inputs
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it has a huge hypoxic zone until the collapse of the sovient union which lead to a decrease in fertilizer and a decrease in the hypoxic zone
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what are two types of HABs
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those that are toxic and those that are without toxins
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what is a predominant way that invasive species are introduced
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on the bottom of ships hulls and ballast water
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species that expand by nonhuman means is called
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range expansions
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what are natural processes that lead to range expansion
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gyres
ENSO Circumpolar current swimming species carry along others with them Large currents like the gulf stream |
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two main human activities that transport invasive species
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shipping and maritime transport
fisheries activities |
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how does aquaculture spread invasive species
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spilling over or accidental release of species
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how does the live seafood industry spread invasive species
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international fish that are shipped end up being lost in transit of accidentally released
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remember that the saltwater aquarium industry effects invasive species as well as bait
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they release intentional or unintentional
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how does plant community restoration effect invasive species
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some seagrass/dune grass/magroves are transplanted with organisms
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how do conservation efforts affect invasive species
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they can establish them because they bring animals to different areas of the world, or of an area to reestablish them
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what types of habitats receive marine invaders
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all habitats
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what are three problems with documenting the amount of invasive species
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1. there are a lot of biases in the historical record
2. many invasions go unrecognized 3. Modern technology has lead to the loss of individuals in the field of taxonomy |
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cryptogenic species
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ones that we aren't sure are invasive or not
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how do bioinvasions affect the ecosystem
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the can restructure the community
pathogens can lead to large die offs single species can cause large die offs and trophic cascades |
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what is one of the most invaded ecosystems
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san fran bay
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explain what happens to donor v recipient communities w/ bioinvasions
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biodiversity changes in both
physical environment changes in recipient |
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is the role of diseases in marine evironments well understood
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no
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what is the most abundant plankton in the sea
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viruses
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what is important about viruses
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they play a significant role in population regulation
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diadema antillarium and pathogens
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99 percent wiped out
it is a major herbivore. it dying lead to a shift in the coral reef community structure. coral were overgrown by algae |
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what is a vector of pathogens in the caribbean
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african dust
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what is a problem with determining if disease breakouts are normal
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no baseline data
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how can climate change affect diseases
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increase rate of contact between pathogens and hosts
altering the environment to favor pathogen |
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toxins and disease susceptibility
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toxic accumulation can suppress the immune system making organisms more susceptible
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what are three priorities for conserving communities that are disease stressed
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long term monitoring
better understanding of disease dynamics consider disease impacts in marine reserves |
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expansion vs introduction
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expansion is not human mediated
introduction is human mediate |
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Things that influence expansion
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plate tectonic movement
currents/gyres climate fluccuations (ex el nino) |
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allopatric speciation
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species get separated by barriers and evolve separately to the point where they cannot reproduce when they are brought back together
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Isthmus of Panama and allopatric speciation
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the rise of the the isthmus of panama lead to snapping shrimp being separated and evolving into separate species
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How do humans spread species
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global transport (ballast water, drilling platforms, etc)
fisheries (live market, aesthic, aquaculture, gmo) aqaurium debris scientific research conservation efforts |
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why do we not know how many invasive species are there?
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there is no historical baseline because marine biology is a recent field.
taxonomy is a dying field |
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cosmopolitan spp
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can live almost anywhere
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cryptic invaders
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morphologically similar to native species
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cryptogenic spp
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do not know if native or nonnative
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What happened in the mediterranean sea in relation with invasive species
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Caulerpa taxiofolia, a seaweed from the indian ocean, took over the med. It leaned to lower complexity, food, invertebrates, fish habitat and richness
large economic costs |
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Explain the lionfish as an invasive species
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Scientific name: Pterois volitans/miles
Release: 6 from hobby aquariums during hurricane andrew in the 1992 off the eastern coast of florida. Distribution: Lionfish have spread throughout the caribbean to bermuda, bahamas, yuctatan penisula, as far north as new york along the gulf stream. Effects: lionfish are more dense than in their natural ranges in areas such as the bahamas. Lionfish have been demonstrated to reduce juvenille recruitment of important species such as wrasse and grouper. Characteristics: Lionfish have large pectoral fins that they use to strike prey. They are more active at night or at dusk. They can be found from shallow to very deep depths. They are generalist predators, eating things up to half its body lenght |
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What are things to consider for managing bioinvasions
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prevention
early detection rapid response control eradication |
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What is not known about diseases
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process
promoting outbreak meachism for transmission |
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Do we know if diseases are on the rise? Why?
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No we don't because there is no baseline
increase in reports could be a function of increased knowledge and techniques |
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how does climate change affect disease spread
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it can favor a pathogen or create new encounters between species
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What are the effects of diseases
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population regulation
community shifts extinction |
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explain the plight of bluefin tuna
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Bluefin tuna have been overexploited but there is unwillingness to cooperate (part by EU) and come to a global consensus on their management
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what are important ecosystem issues in fisheries science
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top down vs bottom up effects
fishing down food webs |
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do single species management work for fisheries
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no because it deals solely with quantity and not quality
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sea otter populations and trophic cascades
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Sea otters were affected by urchin mortality and are having trouble recovering because killer whales are now eating them because there are less sea lions available to eat bc of humans
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bottom up theory
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more phytop will lead to more fish
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trophic cascades
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the decrease in one population will lead to an increase in another which will decrease another farthe rdownthe food chain
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what is a problem with assessing fisheries
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small scale and sport fishers are not taken into account and their impact could be large
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what is a dynamic between large piscovores, fisherman, and mpas
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prey species decline in reserves and as piscovores are searching around in order to find prey, fisherman are catching the fish on the edge of the marine reserves
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compositionalism
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humans are seen as separate from nature
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functionalism
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humans are seen as part of nature
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why are extinctions more a problem at sea than on land
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no pollinators
sessile species have less chance of repro |
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what is the limitation of fisheries management
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not having enough knowledge
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millions of eggs hypothesis
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overexploitation is not possible because fish give off so many eggs
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what is the rate of exploitation dependent upon
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reproductive rate
age selectivity |
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what is the dominant view of the ocean floor. how does this have implications for management?
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that it doesn't contain much life and that it is isn't as complex as land. as a result, fishing gear, such as trawling, is allowed, causing major damage to the sea floor and diversity
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two major classes of mobile fishing gear
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trawls and dredges
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Why is the time between trawls important?
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for populations to recover from disturbances
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what are impacts of fishing gear
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destruction of seafloor life which affects other trophic levels
reduce seafloor sediment and food availability increase turbidity filling in burrows, reducing oxygen cycling bycatch |
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how do sea disturbances from fishing gear differ from land?
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1. the area affected is larger
2. return time to the area disturbed is shorter for the sea 3. seafloor is not privately owned 4. few studies on fishing gear, but many on clear cutting 5. no legal limits on "sea cutting" |
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5 largest threats to marine biodiversity
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pollution
global warming/climate change alien species overexploitation habitat destruction |
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What was the first known fishery collapse
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the newfoundland cod fishery
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Summarize the history of marine fishing
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8000 BC wood and bone hooks
2000 BC Egyptians developed nets and spears 1500 Newfoundland cod fishery collapse 1850 Industrialization and the evolution of boats |
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What is the extent of control of the sea
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3 naut miles for states 200 for countries
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5 largest fishing countries
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peru
japan chile argentina china us |
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relate income and % fish in diet
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the lower the income the higher one depends on marine based protein
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what is the mismatch of value and effort for the US fishery
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Op cost 10-13 billion
Make 5 billion Gov subsidizes 5 to 8 billion |
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status of world fisheries
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1/2 fully exploited
1/4 nearing extinction 1/4 overexploited |
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What is the problem with a recovering collapsed fishery
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It will never reached its original numbers if it continues to be fished
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Longlining
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type to get swordfish, uses a line with lots of hooks
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driftnetting
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large nets are cast out and set for catching
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increase in technology has effected fishing
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vessels can go farther and deeper
fishermen spend more time useing more equipment to catch fish because they are diminishing in quantity |
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fishing keystone species
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leads to trophic cascades
ex: remove sea otters increases sea urchins, reducing kelp, creating barrens |
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direct impacts of fishing
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intrapspecific: change genetics
skews sex ratio (depending if females or males are larger) reduction in fecundity poaching changes community structure |
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indirect impacts of fishing
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bycatch 25% of all landings
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what are problems with managing fisheries
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little knowledge
few accurate estimates on population growth and fisheries data because there isn't a baseline inadequate and inefficient management measures noncompliance and little enforcement |
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Fisheries management: biological ways
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protect habitat
prevent mortality of rare spp rebuild stocks |
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fisheries management: economic ways
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increase income
keep prices low increase exports |
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fisheries management: social
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increase employment
do not upset fisheries/lobbiests/coservationists/reduce conflict |
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fisheries management: political
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decrease catch variability
increase gov revenue don't upset |
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what act lead to the decrease of bycatch in the US
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Marine mammal protectin act
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precautionary approach
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when there is not scientific consensus, suspected risk of harm to humans or the environ, there is a burden of proof that the action is NOT harmful on the ones committing the action
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ecosystem approach
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holistic approach to fisheries that takes into account the whole role of the ecosystem
harvest in ways to minimize impacts |
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extensive/semi intensive/intensive aquaculture systems
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extensive- low human interaction
semi intensive systems-add nut and ferts intensive- highly managed |
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what is mainly harvested in aquaculture
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freshwater fish
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What are impacts of aquaculture
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habitat loss/modification
harvesting wild species/bycatch damage introductin of exotic species escape of cultured animals interactions w/ wild populations misuse of chemicals and fertz Release of wastes Dependence on wild fisheries |
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fishing down the food web
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start @ top and when its depleted, move on to the next level
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how much of the global fisheries were under control as a result of the un law of the sea
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90%
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open access fisheries
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goal: maximize profits
methods: first come first serve issue: overexploit |
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Types of catch effort controls
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Licenses- limit # of fishers in a fishery
Individual Effort Quotas-limits time working/fishing by either gear, fisher, or vessel Vessel or gear restrictions |
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problems with licenses
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Licenses can be transferred to other fishers and encourage a race to fish between fishermen. Overcapitalism
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problems with IEQs
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Ineffective unless #s are controlled
enforcement is difficult and expensive allocation is difficult |
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what are technical measure to control catch
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minimal landing sizes-limits size of orgs caught
sex restrictions on what is caught time/area closures |
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problems with minimal size restrictions and sex restrictions
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needs to be used in conjunction with gear restrictions. hard to measure
both encourage overcapital, increase discard, encourage race to fish |
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problems with time closures
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can lead to market gluttony
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quota methods
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total allowable catch-limits catch on an individual stock
individual quotas-TAC divided by fishing vessels |
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problems with TACs
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race to fish
shorter fishing season reduced fish quality higher bycatch encourages overcapacity poor economics |
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problems with IQs
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conflict between fishers for highest IQ
best suited for fleets with few large vessels |
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individual transferrable quotas
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iqs that can be bought and sold by fisherman
fishers leaving industry can be financially compensated can lead to decrease in employment |
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co-management
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uses agencies and fishers to manage together
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overfishing and k-selection fishes (aka longer life spans)
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leads to taking away sexually mature organisms from the population, reducing reproduction.
It can also lead to smaller fish becoming sexually mature |
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pinger
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acoustic alarm to reduce bycatch of marine mammals
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what is the main reason for loss of mangroves
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aquaculture and deforestation for urban growth
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types of pollution causing habitat changes
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noise
mechanical land based |
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What is habitat destruction
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processes by which natural habitats become unable to support the species that live in that system
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What is the largest threat to biodiversity
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habitat destruction
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Tropical rain forest deforestation for agriculture is equivalent to
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mangrove deforestation for aquaculture
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coal mining is equivalent to
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coral mining
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deforestation is equivalent to
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bottom trawling
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natural forms of habitat destruction
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hurricans
tsunamis climate change |
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How did Hurricane Omar affect coral reefs
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it lead to a wipe out in acropora and increased the amount of dead coral
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What is the main human endeavor that causes changes in habitat
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fisheries-bottom and beam trawling
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blast fishing impact
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70,000 fisherman use it
3.8 billion dollar loss in indonesia |
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cyanide fishing is mainly used in? impacts?
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the aquarium trade
kills coral polyps |
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Muro-ami
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kids are attached to a net and pound the reef to scare fish into a net
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How anchors damage reef
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they drag on reef, killing coral and sea grass
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aquaculture as habitat destruction
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mangroves are converted to shrimp ponds
70 to 80% loss of mangroves in the phillipines |
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coral mining
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is used to get cheap construction materials
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coastal development and habitat destruction
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1/3 of people live close to the sea
coastal development leads to sedimentation and runoff |
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Bonaire and coastal development
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Maria found that hotel are correlated with decreases in coral cover
distance from kralendijk leads to an increase in coral cover |
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how do coastal protection actions cause habitat destruction
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erosion is a natural process, but it is being reversed so that people can have nice beaches.
People will accreete sand which changes the habitat ex: Dubai |
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General drivers of habitat destruction
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overpopulation
excessive consumption inadequate institutions out of experiential reality lack of ownership undervaluing shifting baselines |
