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77 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
April 1945
Truman wants daily newspaper of world events
OSS
intelligence agency developed during/for WWII
Harold Smith
Truman's budget director, in charge of demobilization of war machine
-vulnerability to attack
Central Intelligence Group
director: Sidney Sours
-no idea what Truman wants
-other wings of gov't shut him out
George Kennan
"chief Kremlinologist"
-tries to decipher Stalin's intentions
-have to use force against Soviets
Bedell Smith
US ambassador to USSR
The Long Telegram
Kennan trying to get US to spy on USSR
-state that USSR impervious to reason
-only understand force
Hoyt Vandenberg
director of CIG
-lacked $, power, ppl
-actually illegal organization, no consent of congress
George Marshall
Sec of State, reshape American foreign policy with Kennan's help, how to better defend nation
Kennan's ideas
1. Truman Doctrine
2. Marshall Plan
3. CIA
Truman Doctrine
warning to Moscow to stop supporting Communism throughout the world
Marshall Plan
spread US ideals by coming to defense of any nation under communist threat
Clandestine service of CIA
better US protection, more international knowledge
Greece 1947
Comm revolutionaries growing, England can no longer support, US needs to take over finance so Greece doesn't become Soviet ally
Senator Joseph McCarthy
communist paranoia, says Truman needs to be more aggressive to combat it
-we send guns, tanks, spies
Truman's mission for CIG
find out about USSR in Greece
BUT- still need strong leader, clarity, structure
June 27, 1947
secret Congressional hearing, Dulles convinces we need CIA for espionage
National Security Act of 1947
CIA created to "correlate, evaluate, disseminate intelligence and carry out other functions affecting nat'l security"
*authority/justification to do whatever they want
CIA in Italy (1948)
-bribe Italians to vote against commies
-keep from becoming totalitarian comm state
Exchange Stabilization Fund
depository for captured Nazi stuff, supposed to help redevelop Europe, in reality funds CIA
Catholic Action
political wing of Vatican, works w/ CIA to circulate $ to powerful Italians
Result of CIA's work in Italy
pro-American gov't in Italy for next 25 years
CIA in Czechoslovakia
after commies take over, Marshall Plan implemented- $, allegiance/debt to US
To become a recipient of Marshall Plan $...
donate foreign currency to secret accounts
-CIA takes 5% off deposit (no need for congressional aid)
Money from Marshall Plan
$15 million to other countries (low interest, long term loans)
$750 million to CIA
Office of Policy Coordination
CIA strike force, carry out covert military ops to actively overthrow gov'ts
Moral dilemma of CIA in Italy
1. subverting democracy- what we accuse Soviets of
2. don't give Italians voice in election
3. hypocritical- promoting facade of democracy
4. but it's beneficial...long term economic, safety benefits for Italy
Soviet-controlled east Germany
US paranoid of Soviet invasion
-preemptive strike?
-US creates sep. W. German currency
Berlin Blockade
Soviets blockade W. Germany, US air drops supplies
Results of CIA in Greece
success of Truman Doctrine- pro-American gov't, crush Communist insurgency
Marseille, France
port city, CIA stronghold, send stuff to Greece
-buy criminals to beat up protestors
Congress of Cultural Freedom
supports the arts
-spread American ideals in Euro. (psychological control)
-newspapers, magazines, radio
CIA in Iran (1953)
1st real mission CIa runs by itself
-fear that Soviets developing close relations w/ Iran
Mohammad Mossadeq
paranoid that Brits trying to overthrow him- TRUE
-expels Brits from Iran (Churchill pissed)
Mossadeq and Iranian oil
1. nationalizes oil fields, boycott British petroleum
2. signs $18 billion modernization of oil refineries deal w/ Soviets
Reza Khan
Iranian pawn of Britain, brutal/corrupt
-(1941) exiled from country
Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi
Khan's son, Brits want to put him in power in new Iran, will do bidding of US
After Iran signs oil modernization deal with Soviets, US worried because...
Soviets gain territory in most important part of world in terms of energy
Operation Ajax
*use CIA to topple Iranian gov't
-bribe Mossadeq's gov't
-infrastructure hostile to Moss.
-ppl start to speak out against him
-CIA gangs suppress pro-Moss demonstrations
Domino Theory
Iran= vital, if they fall, Mid East will fall to communism, 60% of world's oil, destruction of US power, security
August 19, 1953
Mossadeq overthrown, taken prisoner, Shah Pahlavi put in place, Iran ruled brutally until 1979 Iranian Revolution
*US seen as Iranian enemy
cost-benefit analysis
CIA's moral dilemma subverting democracy, killing innocent people to protect nat'l security
4 initial plans for Cuba
1. surgical air strike- definitely
2. general air strike- maybe
3. blockade- maybe
4. invasion-maybe
Political game in Cuba
way world perceives Cuban situation is very important
Robert McNamara
Sec of Defense, US militarily superior, declaration of surveillance
October 24, 1962
naval blockade/"quarantine" of Cuba
-Congress says it's too weak
-Khrushchev claims missiles are purely defensive
Khrushchev's claims
1. want peace, don't want to start WWIII
2. rejects ultimatum, refuses to submit to blockade
Politburo
Soviet Congress
-knows they can't allow their ships to challenge US line
Adlai Stevenson
UN ambassador, demonstrates to world that Cuba really has nukes
US ultimatum to Khrushchev
48 hours to get missiles out of Cuba
Khrushchev's response to US ultimatum
we'll stop making nukes if you take missiles out of Turkey
-would save US, but jeopardize NATO allies
Result of Cuban Missile Crisis
Khrushchev ultimately agrees, war avoided
Impacts of Cuban Missile Crisis
-US needs new relationship w/ USSR
-Arms Limitation Treat of 1963
Powell Doctrine
1. national interest
2. commit troops wholeheartedly, clear plan
3. defined political/military objectives
4. be flexible, access ends/means
5. public, congressional opinion
6. pursue diplomacy, commitment of forces= last resort
7. exit strategy

*failure of Vietnam in mind
Powell Doctrine first implemented in...
1st Iraq war
-encouraged Iraqi uprising w/o offering support
-Powell: no responsibility in Iraq after real objectives met
Operation Restore Hope (12/1992)
SOMALIA- civil war, ppl starved
-Bush commits troops only for food distribution
-food starts flowing again
-Clinton w/draws troops
-warlords rise again
Mohammad Aidid
hires Bin Laden, gangs roam Mogadishu
-kills UN soldiers
Task Force Ranger
-US troops to kill Aidid
-American's caught in trap, helicopters shot down
Consequences of Somalia
-realize disaster of nation-building humanitarian enterprises
-but Aidid's leadership destroyed
**shape way we deal w/ diplomacy during decade
US in Haiti
-troops sent to put president back in power
-only a symbolic presence, civil war continued
US in Rwanda
1 million deaths
-no nat'l interest
US in Kosovo
stop Serbs from killing Kosovars
-Clinton sends air force to bomb Serbs
-ineffective cuz kills civilians
Wolfowitz against Powell Doctrine
has no human rights component
America has obligation to the world
Said Qutb
powerful intellectual, Egyptian social critic
why Qutb thinks America is spiritually corrupt
separation of spirituality from politics
-can can be whole, no unified sense of truth, psychological fragmentation
Muslim Brotherhood
along with Qutb, try to lead revolution against secular gov't in Egypt...FAIL
-arrested, martyred
Bin Laden's calling
to make world Islamic
-psychological freedom
Bin Laden in Afghanistan (1979)
drives out USSR (jihad)
*wants to return world to Middle Ages- peak of Islam
Why do they hate us?
hate American gov't- responsible for all wars, corrupt gov'ts across world
-1 thing keeping Islam from saving the world
-must be destroyed
What can we do to stop attacks?
-adopt Islam
-get out of Mid East
Aymin al Zawhiri
expert on Qu'ran and radical wars, Bin Laden's mentor
Al Khifa
eventually becomes Al Qaeda
-originally in Sudan
-consulting for terrorism
-reaches out to Muslims around world
Turabi
-Sudanese president
-kicks Bin Laden out
Bin Laden travels from
1. Sudan
2. Pakistan
3. Afghanistan
Once sets up Al Qaeda in Afghanistan...
will now carry out acts of terrorism themselves against US
Al Qaeda's first act against US
2 truck bombings destroy US embassies
1. Nyrobi
2. Tanzania
The Planes Operation
Mohammed Atta- picked to help lead, goes to FL, flight lessons
-used codes, communicated over internet