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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
April 1945
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Truman wants daily newspaper of world events
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OSS
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intelligence agency developed during/for WWII
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Harold Smith
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Truman's budget director, in charge of demobilization of war machine
-vulnerability to attack |
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Central Intelligence Group
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director: Sidney Sours
-no idea what Truman wants -other wings of gov't shut him out |
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George Kennan
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"chief Kremlinologist"
-tries to decipher Stalin's intentions -have to use force against Soviets |
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Bedell Smith
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US ambassador to USSR
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The Long Telegram
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Kennan trying to get US to spy on USSR
-state that USSR impervious to reason -only understand force |
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Hoyt Vandenberg
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director of CIG
-lacked $, power, ppl -actually illegal organization, no consent of congress |
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George Marshall
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Sec of State, reshape American foreign policy with Kennan's help, how to better defend nation
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Kennan's ideas
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1. Truman Doctrine
2. Marshall Plan 3. CIA |
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Truman Doctrine
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warning to Moscow to stop supporting Communism throughout the world
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Marshall Plan
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spread US ideals by coming to defense of any nation under communist threat
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Clandestine service of CIA
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better US protection, more international knowledge
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Greece 1947
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Comm revolutionaries growing, England can no longer support, US needs to take over finance so Greece doesn't become Soviet ally
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Senator Joseph McCarthy
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communist paranoia, says Truman needs to be more aggressive to combat it
-we send guns, tanks, spies |
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Truman's mission for CIG
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find out about USSR in Greece
BUT- still need strong leader, clarity, structure |
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June 27, 1947
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secret Congressional hearing, Dulles convinces we need CIA for espionage
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National Security Act of 1947
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CIA created to "correlate, evaluate, disseminate intelligence and carry out other functions affecting nat'l security"
*authority/justification to do whatever they want |
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CIA in Italy (1948)
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-bribe Italians to vote against commies
-keep from becoming totalitarian comm state |
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Exchange Stabilization Fund
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depository for captured Nazi stuff, supposed to help redevelop Europe, in reality funds CIA
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Catholic Action
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political wing of Vatican, works w/ CIA to circulate $ to powerful Italians
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Result of CIA's work in Italy
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pro-American gov't in Italy for next 25 years
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CIA in Czechoslovakia
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after commies take over, Marshall Plan implemented- $, allegiance/debt to US
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To become a recipient of Marshall Plan $...
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donate foreign currency to secret accounts
-CIA takes 5% off deposit (no need for congressional aid) |
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Money from Marshall Plan
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$15 million to other countries (low interest, long term loans)
$750 million to CIA |
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Office of Policy Coordination
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CIA strike force, carry out covert military ops to actively overthrow gov'ts
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Moral dilemma of CIA in Italy
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1. subverting democracy- what we accuse Soviets of
2. don't give Italians voice in election 3. hypocritical- promoting facade of democracy 4. but it's beneficial...long term economic, safety benefits for Italy |
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Soviet-controlled east Germany
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US paranoid of Soviet invasion
-preemptive strike? -US creates sep. W. German currency |
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Berlin Blockade
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Soviets blockade W. Germany, US air drops supplies
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Results of CIA in Greece
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success of Truman Doctrine- pro-American gov't, crush Communist insurgency
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Marseille, France
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port city, CIA stronghold, send stuff to Greece
-buy criminals to beat up protestors |
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Congress of Cultural Freedom
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supports the arts
-spread American ideals in Euro. (psychological control) -newspapers, magazines, radio |
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CIA in Iran (1953)
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1st real mission CIa runs by itself
-fear that Soviets developing close relations w/ Iran |
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Mohammad Mossadeq
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paranoid that Brits trying to overthrow him- TRUE
-expels Brits from Iran (Churchill pissed) |
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Mossadeq and Iranian oil
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1. nationalizes oil fields, boycott British petroleum
2. signs $18 billion modernization of oil refineries deal w/ Soviets |
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Reza Khan
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Iranian pawn of Britain, brutal/corrupt
-(1941) exiled from country |
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Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi
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Khan's son, Brits want to put him in power in new Iran, will do bidding of US
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After Iran signs oil modernization deal with Soviets, US worried because...
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Soviets gain territory in most important part of world in terms of energy
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Operation Ajax
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*use CIA to topple Iranian gov't
-bribe Mossadeq's gov't -infrastructure hostile to Moss. -ppl start to speak out against him -CIA gangs suppress pro-Moss demonstrations |
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Domino Theory
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Iran= vital, if they fall, Mid East will fall to communism, 60% of world's oil, destruction of US power, security
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August 19, 1953
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Mossadeq overthrown, taken prisoner, Shah Pahlavi put in place, Iran ruled brutally until 1979 Iranian Revolution
*US seen as Iranian enemy |
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cost-benefit analysis
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CIA's moral dilemma subverting democracy, killing innocent people to protect nat'l security
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4 initial plans for Cuba
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1. surgical air strike- definitely
2. general air strike- maybe 3. blockade- maybe 4. invasion-maybe |
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Political game in Cuba
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way world perceives Cuban situation is very important
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Robert McNamara
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Sec of Defense, US militarily superior, declaration of surveillance
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October 24, 1962
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naval blockade/"quarantine" of Cuba
-Congress says it's too weak -Khrushchev claims missiles are purely defensive |
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Khrushchev's claims
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1. want peace, don't want to start WWIII
2. rejects ultimatum, refuses to submit to blockade |
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Politburo
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Soviet Congress
-knows they can't allow their ships to challenge US line |
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Adlai Stevenson
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UN ambassador, demonstrates to world that Cuba really has nukes
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US ultimatum to Khrushchev
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48 hours to get missiles out of Cuba
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Khrushchev's response to US ultimatum
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we'll stop making nukes if you take missiles out of Turkey
-would save US, but jeopardize NATO allies |
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Result of Cuban Missile Crisis
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Khrushchev ultimately agrees, war avoided
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Impacts of Cuban Missile Crisis
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-US needs new relationship w/ USSR
-Arms Limitation Treat of 1963 |
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Powell Doctrine
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1. national interest
2. commit troops wholeheartedly, clear plan 3. defined political/military objectives 4. be flexible, access ends/means 5. public, congressional opinion 6. pursue diplomacy, commitment of forces= last resort 7. exit strategy *failure of Vietnam in mind |
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Powell Doctrine first implemented in...
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1st Iraq war
-encouraged Iraqi uprising w/o offering support -Powell: no responsibility in Iraq after real objectives met |
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Operation Restore Hope (12/1992)
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SOMALIA- civil war, ppl starved
-Bush commits troops only for food distribution -food starts flowing again -Clinton w/draws troops -warlords rise again |
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Mohammad Aidid
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hires Bin Laden, gangs roam Mogadishu
-kills UN soldiers |
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Task Force Ranger
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-US troops to kill Aidid
-American's caught in trap, helicopters shot down |
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Consequences of Somalia
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-realize disaster of nation-building humanitarian enterprises
-but Aidid's leadership destroyed **shape way we deal w/ diplomacy during decade |
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US in Haiti
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-troops sent to put president back in power
-only a symbolic presence, civil war continued |
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US in Rwanda
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1 million deaths
-no nat'l interest |
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US in Kosovo
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stop Serbs from killing Kosovars
-Clinton sends air force to bomb Serbs -ineffective cuz kills civilians |
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Wolfowitz against Powell Doctrine
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has no human rights component
America has obligation to the world |
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Said Qutb
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powerful intellectual, Egyptian social critic
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why Qutb thinks America is spiritually corrupt
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separation of spirituality from politics
-can can be whole, no unified sense of truth, psychological fragmentation |
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Muslim Brotherhood
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along with Qutb, try to lead revolution against secular gov't in Egypt...FAIL
-arrested, martyred |
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Bin Laden's calling
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to make world Islamic
-psychological freedom |
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Bin Laden in Afghanistan (1979)
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drives out USSR (jihad)
*wants to return world to Middle Ages- peak of Islam |
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Why do they hate us?
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hate American gov't- responsible for all wars, corrupt gov'ts across world
-1 thing keeping Islam from saving the world -must be destroyed |
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What can we do to stop attacks?
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-adopt Islam
-get out of Mid East |
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Aymin al Zawhiri
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expert on Qu'ran and radical wars, Bin Laden's mentor
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Al Khifa
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eventually becomes Al Qaeda
-originally in Sudan -consulting for terrorism -reaches out to Muslims around world |
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Turabi
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-Sudanese president
-kicks Bin Laden out |
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Bin Laden travels from
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1. Sudan
2. Pakistan 3. Afghanistan |
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Once sets up Al Qaeda in Afghanistan...
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will now carry out acts of terrorism themselves against US
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Al Qaeda's first act against US
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2 truck bombings destroy US embassies
1. Nyrobi 2. Tanzania |
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The Planes Operation
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Mohammed Atta- picked to help lead, goes to FL, flight lessons
-used codes, communicated over internet |