Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
446 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
hat is the value of studying church history? |
There are many reasons to study church history, but perhaps the most significant is the fact that it is the means by which we learn from example (both positive and negative) of our predecessors, which assists us in "expanding our present" and "shaping our future." As well, the study of Church history prevents us from being abstract, theoretical, and academic regarding truth, as it enables us to see how truth relates to life's practicalities." A third reason would be that the sin patterns of a different generation would be different from our own, and therefore they could inform us of our abuses of the Word of God. |
|
|
Briefly trace the spread of Christianity through the centuries. |
• Resurrection-100 AD The gospel began to spread through most of the Mediterranean region as well as reaching Mesopotamia, Syria, and likely India. • 100—325 In the 2nd Century, the church spread into Gaul (France), Germany, and North Africa. In the 3rd Century, Christianity moved into Persia and most of Asia Minor. In the face of intense Roman persecution, Christianity had grown and had churches in most Roman provinces, spreading throughout the Roman empire and even beyond. • 325-600 Reached the British isles where Ireland became a sending off point for missionaries • 500-700AD With the rise of Islam in the face of half-hearted Christianity, some areas like the Middle East and North Africa, previously strongholds of the gospel became desolate of Christianity. • 700-1500 Up to the split of the Eastern and Western Church in 1050 and the period of stagnation and the damage of the crusades- Christianity began to make inroads into East Asia during the latter part of this period. • 1500-1600 Reformation led to a renewed push for missions and revival among churches. • 1600-1800 Colonization leads to the spread of Christianity to America, Australia and Western and Southern Africa. • 1800-1900 Modern missionary movement William Carey, Hudson Taylor, etc. • 1900-2000 The Gospel flourishes in Asia, Africa, and South America. |
|
|
What were the “sola's” of the Reformation? |
Sola Scriptura (Scripture alone), Sola Fides (Faith alone), Sola Gratia (Grace alone), Sola Christos (Christ alone), Soli Deo Gloria (Only to the Glory of God) |
|
|
Briefly discuss the development of 'covenant theology' |
Ultimately Covenant theology begins in Scripture and was to some extent developed by Augustine. What we know as covenant theology first appeared in the works of Zwingli and Bullinger. Calvin, whose name is usually most associated with covenant theology really only has it in seed form. It gained greater strength among 17th century theologians where it became known as federal theology. Ursinus and especially Olevianus, the founder of a well-developed federal theology, developed the understanding of the covenant of works and the covenant of grace and subordinated the covenant to the doctrine of election. Cocceius stressed the Biblical theology approach of looking at the covenant history (pre-Vos). Prior to this century, covenant theology saw the covenant as a contractual agreement between God entered into with man. With more recent language and archaeological discoveries, covenant theology has come to emphasize the relationship between God and man as a vassal relationship, patterned after the covenants of that time, established and maintained by God’s grace. Through this theology a greater emphasis was placed on God's gracious and faithful dealing with mankind. |
|
|
What are the historical origins and distinctives of the following: a. Methodist Churches |
Origins: Began in Oxford University as a movement within the Church of England and expanded under the leadership of Charles and John Wesley Distinctives: Typically has been concerned with ministry to the poor and disadvantages, expressing its faith in compassion for human condition. |
|
|
b. Pentecostal Churches |
Origins: Born out of the movement that was sparked in 1901 when Miss Agnes Ozman, a Bethel Bible College student, spoke in tongues after principal Charles Partham laid hands on her and prayed for her to receive the power of the Spirit. Distinctives: Seeking to receive the gift of tongues is regarded as a sign of baptism of the Holy Spirit, itself a requisite for full discipleship. Other gifts are sought as well: healing, love, joy, answers to prayer, etc. |
|
|
c. Episcopal Churches |
Origins: the Episcopalian Church began in America as an extension of the Church of England. However, During the American Revolution a great controversy arose over prayers for the monarchy in the liturgy, so after the revolution it severed ties with the Church of England and became its own denomination. Distinctives: Acknowledges no central authority, though maintains a hierarchy of bishops, relies totally on traditional liturgical worship, while not defining the exact nature of the communion element (regarded as a mystery). |
|
|
d. Presbyterian Churches |
Origins: Dating back to John Knox in 1560 and the Scots Confession becoming the expression of government assigned by the Westminster Assembly in the Form of Government. Distinctives: Offices of Teaching Elder and Ruling Elder. Usually hold to the WCF, Spiritual presence in the elements (Calvin), |
|
|
e. Baptist Churches |
Origins: A third-generation Reformation development that appeared in England about 1610 wanting to take Protestantism to its logical conclusion. Convinced that Puritanism needed to still be reformed. Distinctives: Believe only self-professed believers are eligible for admission to the church. Practice believer-baptism, evangelistic, missions and biblically minded |
|
|
f. Orthodox Churches |
Origins: 1056 schism between East and West (Bishop of Constantinople vs. Bishop of Rome) Distinctives: icons, 7 Ecumenical Councils, don’t hold to the Pope, traditionalist, ornate to use all senses in worship |
|
|
g. Mennonite Churches |
Origins: Dating from 1520’s in central Europe, take name from Menno Simmons who led them in a pursuit of biblical living. Distinctives: No common doctrine, rejection of infant baptism, real presence at the Lord’s supper, pacifist, no oaths, complete separation of church and state |
|
|
h. Lutheran churches |
Origins: Germany; Martin Luther, 1517 October 31 commonly the beginning of the reformation. 1521 Diet of Worms which lead to Luther’s excommunication. Distinctives: Consubstantiation, Salvation by grace, justification by faith, Augsburg Confession (and the Book of Concord) |
|
|
Briefly identify and give dates for the following: Council of Nicea |
325. The council of Nicea was concerned primarily with the nature of the second person of the trinity—Jesus Christ. Arius asserted that Christ was not eternally generated from the Father, but created from the non-existent. Athanasius and his followers asserted that Christ was eternally begotten of the father. The semi-Arians argued that Christ was homoiousios ("of similar substance") with the father. The Council adopted the Athanasian position of homoousios ("the same essence"). |
|
|
Council of Chalcedon |
451. The Christological council. Christ is one person, with two natures. The Council of Chalcedon dealt with the heresies of Nestorianism and Eutychianism. The Eutychians taught that Christ possessed two natures in one person, and that each performs its own function. The Council asserted that the redemption of fallen humans required a mediator who was human and divine, passible and impassible, mortal and immortal, and that Jesus Christ permanently assumed human nature. Significantly the Council asserted that properties of both Christ's human and divine natures can be attributed to one person, that the suffering “I” ; of the God-man can be regarded as truly, really infinite, yet the divine nature remained impassible, that divinity and not humanity is the root and basis of Christ' s personality, and that the logos did not unite with a distinct human individual, but with a human nature. |
|
|
Reformation |
Sola Scripture: Scripture alone. Sola Fide: Faith alone. Sola Gratia: Grace alone. Sola Christos: Christ alone. Soli Deo Gloria: To God alone be the glory. 1517. We may use this as a date for the Reformation since the beginning of the Reformation is traditionally tied to Luther's nailing of his Ninety-five theses to the door at Wittenburg. This was the culmination of a developing movement to reform the Catholic Church from it medieval laxity. Above all it was a time of spiritual renewal in which God graciously intervened to return his gospel to the center stage of human history. |
|
|
Counter-Reformation |
1534-1563 (1540'5). The Counter-reformation was the Catholic response to the Reformation in which many of the abuses of the Catholic church were corrected, and traditional Catholic doctrine was resoundingly re-affirmed. This formulated in the articles of the Council of Trent, a council which was held to combat the spread of Protestantism. Affirmed that Church/tradition were on par with Scripture, sacraments and transubstantiation, and justification is faith plus works. |
|
|
Heidelberg Catechism |
1563. Written by Olevianus and Ursinus this beautiful work has the form of a catechism, but the content of a confession. Held by the Continental Reformed Church (European-German, Dutch). Many say the Heidelberg Catechism has a more personal feel than the Westminster Confession. |
|
|
Belgic Confession |
1561. Written by Guido de Bres this confession is one of the three standards of the Dutch Reformed Church. It draws heavily on the Gallican Confession. |
|
|
Synod of Dort |
1618. A convening of Reformed thinkers to answer the assertions of the Remonstrants. Although political and other issues affecting the Dutch church were raised at this Synod, its primary business was answering the five points of Arminianism. Their response is what we today know as TULIP, or the five points of Calvinism. |
|
|
Westminster Assembly |
1643-1652. The Westminster Assembly was a gathering of eminent Puritan divines, assembled by the British Parliament in 1643 with the charge of producing a Confession of Faith to unite the United Kingdom ecclesiastically. The assembly sat from 1643-1652, during which time it handled ecclesiastical concerns such as the ordination of ministers, trial of heretics, etc. its most enduring work is the Confession of Faith, and the Larger and Shorter Catechisms. These would become the standard of faith and practice for the Presbyterian, Congregational and Regular Baptist churches in Scotland, England and America. The Confession and Catechisms were borne out of Scotch and English Calvinism, and were structured upon the foundation of the "Irish Articles of Faith" of 1615. |
|
|
Pietism |
1600's. Primarily based in Germany, it was a movement against dead orthodoxy in the Lutheran Church. The common emphasis was on individual conversion and living orthodoxy that lead to a changed life. The duo of Spener and Franke at the Halle began the movement which was later carried by Zinzendorf and the Moravians. The movement played a large influence in the development of the modern missionary movement. Emphases: *Individual experience over theology *New birth *Spiritual discipline *Lay involvement in the church *Renewal preaching *Love for all people. |
|
|
Great Awakening(s) |
First Great Awakening: 1741-1745. The Great Awakening was a remarkable outpouring of the Holy Spirit that swept through New England colonies. Through the Reformed preaching of George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards, thousands were truly converted to Christ. There were however, many instances of abuse that accompanied the outpouring prompting the able mind of Edwards to defend the true nature of the Awakening in such works as ''Distinguishing Marks" and "Treatise on the Religious Affections." Tennet: "Danger of an unconverted ministry ." Second Great Awakening 1800-1825. After the First Great Awakening steady religious decline brought the country to a new religious low by the 1800's. Unlike the First Great Awakening this revival went in to the frontier as well. It was also characterized by a longer duration and more fervor than concern for theology. This awakening led to significant church growth, improvement of morals and national life, checking of the growth of Deism, growth of missions, and social reform movements. It left a permanent mark on the American evangelical scene with its revivalistic emphasis and Arminian theology. |
|
|
Scholasticism |
The system and method of learning for philosophy and theology during the medieval period as developed in European university contexts. It relied on philosophical methods and the use of reason to make clear divisions and distinctions within a body of knowledge. The system flourished from the 11 th-14th centuries. Some notable scholastics include: Thomas Aquinas, Peter Abelard, Anselm of Canterbury, Peter Lombard and Duns Scotus. |
|
|
Babylonian Captivity |
Also known as the Avignon schism. Period in the 14th century when popes lived in Avignon, France, due to the political situation. The term, which referred to the Jews' captivity in Babylon (586 BC), was used by Luther in the 16th century to describe the Roman Catholic Church's "captivity" to the papacy and need for gospel liberation. |
|
|
Humanism |
An intellectual movement in 14th-16th century Europe in which man was the measure of all things. It sought to base education on the Greek and Latin classics, interpreted from within a Christian context. Theologically, the term indicates the high value that Christianity places on humans as created and redeemed by God. |
|
|
Radical Reformation |
The "left" of "third" wind of the Protestant Reformation that describes those who sought a radical approach, a return to early Christian precedents for the nature and government of the church, rejecting national or state churches. Among others it included the Anabaptists such as the Mennonites and the Amish. |
|
|
Puritanism |
16th and 17th century Protestant religious movement that sought to "purify" the Church of England in more Reformed Protestant directions. The movement was Calvinistic in theology -and Presbyterian or Congregational in church government. The church reform impulses were continued in America, primarily in New England where it was a major cultural force. Puritans stressed theology as leading to ethical action while ethics is grounded in true theology. |
|
|
Modernism |
A theological movement of the late 19th and early 20tb centuries among Protestants and Roman Catholics who sought to interpret Christianity in light of modern knowledge. It sought to alter Christian doctrine, which was seen as evolving and in need of being reshaped by modern knowledge. It was condemned by Pope Pius X in 1907. Schliermacher, Fosdick. |
|
|
Fundamentalism |
Term for evangelicalism in 20th century America that sought to preserve conservative Protestant views and values against liberal theology and the higher criticism of Scripture. A strong focus was on the inerrancy and literal interpretation of Scripture. |
|
|
Neo-orthodoxy |
Return to Christianity without having to be historically grounded. Somewhat a theological rediscovery of biblical doctrines, but with the modem naturalistic presuppositions. A theological movement including Karl Barth, Emil Brunner, and others. It opposed liberal theology and stressed the reinterpretation of Reformation themes such as God's transcendence, human sinfulness, and the centrality of Christ. It was dominant in Europe and America after World War n until the 1960's. Also called Neo-Calvinism, Neo-Protestantism, and Neo-Reformation theology. |
|
|
Briefly identify the following people with date (century) and their significance: 1. Polycarp |
[2nd century] Disciple of the apostle John, later became bishop of Smyrna. He seems to have been the leading Christian figure in Roman Asia in the middle of the 2nd century and his long life is thus an important link between the apostolic age and the great Christian writers who flourished in the 2nd century. |
|
|
Clement |
[1st century] Wrote the epistle to the Corinthians stressing the importance of Apostolic succession. Considered to be the 4th pope by the Roman Catholic Church. Likely martyred under Dominitian in 100 AD . |
|
|
Ignatius |
[2nd century] Bishop of Antioch. Wrote seven letters giving insight into Christians' attitudes toward persecution. Opposed Gnosticism. First to distinguish between bishops and elders. Martyred under Trajan. |
|
|
Marcion |
[2nd century] Heretic. Beginning around 145, Marcion taught that Jehovah, the god of the Old Testament was an arbitrary and vindictive god distinct from the God and Father of Jesus of the New Testament. He believed that the Father's purpose was to create only a spiritual world, but Jehovah, out of evil intent or ignorance made the physical world and placed mankind in it. God of the New Testament sent Jesus because he is a God of love, and in the end there will be no judgment because of his love. In order to support these views Marcion produced his own canon, rejecting the Old Testament and accepting only the book of Luke and certain edited versions of Paul's letters. |
|
|
Justin |
[2nd century] One of the great apologist of the 2nd century, he personally opposed Marcion. He also was the first orthodox writer to evaluate the relationship between Christianity and Philosophy. He taught that all truth belongs to Christians, and developed the doctrine of the logos. He was beheaded in Rome under Marcus Aurelius. |
|
|
Eusebius of Caesarea |
[3rd-4th century] Father of church history, he wrote Ecclesiastical History. Bishop of Caesarea during the Arian controversy and Council of Nicea. Eusebius dealt mainly with the succession of Christian bishops and teachers from apostolic times, heresies, the suffering of the Jews, and the persecution and martyrdom of Christians. He also recounted traditions about the New Testament writers and details about the canon of Scripture. . |
|
|
Tertullian |
[2nd-3rd century] He was the first major Christian author to write in Latin. He was therefore the first to use many of the technical words common in later Christian theological debates. Tertullian lived most, if not all, his life in Carthage, capital of the Roman province of Africa. He vigorously opposed heresies in the church such as Marcionism, and was an advocate for purity and holiness in the church. |
|
|
Constantine |
[3-4th century] He was an emperor of the Roman Empire who before a 'particular battle received a vision in which he was told to place the Christian symbol "Xp" on the shields of his men. He was victorious in the battle and from that time was converted to the Christian faith. One of the most significant aspects of Constantine's rule is the Edict of Milan (313), which made the persecution of Christians illegal. |
|
|
Chrysostom |
[4th century] He was given this name (meaning "Golden mouth") after his death since he was such a great preacher. He was considered a great orator and exegete of Scripture and was made the Bishop of Constantinople. During this time he preached the truth of Scripture including many messages calling for repentance. He was banished from the city twice and eventually exiled to an obscure village near the Black Sea where he died. |
|
|
Jerome |
[4-5 century] An ascetic and scholarly monk. While the private secretary of the bishop of Rome. His greatest achievement was translating the Scriptures into Latin from the original languages (Vulgate) |
|
|
Pelagius |
[4-5 century] British monk who settled in Rome. An opponent of Augustine, he denied that human sin was inherited from Adam. Man, he said, was free to act righteously or sinfully. Death is not a consequence of sin. Adam did not introduce sin, but merely was a bad example. Thus, it is possible not to sin. Man is able to chose salvation, and is able to live for God without the agency of the Holy Spirit. |
|
|
. Augustine |
[4-5 century] One of the greatest and most influential leaders of the western church, Augustine lived during the disintegration of the Roman empire. In 391 he was ordained a priest and four years later was elevated to Bishop of Hippo. He battled Donatism and Pelagianism. His writings include The City of God and Confessions . He was a staunch advocate for the depravity of man and the primacy of grace in salvation. His works on sin, grace, and predestination laid the groundwork of the Reformation. |
|
|
Bernard of Clairvaux |
[12th century] The last of the church fathers; mystic, monk and theologian. He was a strong spiritual reformer- the leader of the Cistercian movement. He was the major preacher of the Second Crusade and held to a full Augustinian view. |
|
|
Gregory the Great |
[6th century] Considered one of the ablest men to occupy the position of Pope- some call him the father of the Medieval papacy. He became pope in 590 after previously serving many other leadership roles in the church. A strong civic and spiritual leader, he brought order to Rome and helped establish the idea that the Pope was the supreme authority in the church. Wrote The Pastoral Rule |
|
|
Francis of Assisi |
[12-13th century] An innovator of the Roman system, he believed that the most serious problem in the church was worldliness and set to rebuild the church around the pattern of living like Jesus- an ascetic lifestyle, the life of poverty. In 1215, his order of Lesser Brothers received Papal approval. |
|
|
Anselm |
11th century] Archbishop of Canterbury, and known as the father of scholasticism, Anselm introduced a new theory of the atonement- the satisfaction theory- saying that man’s sin is a debt to God, not the devil and that Christ’s death alone has satisfied God’s offended sense of honor. He tried to make the content of Christian faith clear to reason, though insisted that faith must come first. Developed two proofs for the existence of God; the ontological and the cosmological. |
|
|
Aquinas |
[13th century] Dominican monk-turned teacher, Aquinas was the author of the monumental Summa Theologica, the summary of the Roman Catholic Church. Scholasticism reached its pinnacle in Aquinas’ writings. Combining the greatest of the ancient Greek philosophers, particularly Aristotle, with Christian thought, Aquinas built a theological system, which has been accepted as the basis for all Roman Catholic theological instruction today. |
|
|
Wycliffe |
[14th century] Morning Star of the Reformation. Translated the Bible into middle English. Declared a heretic in 1382 Believed the Bible is the supreme authority, that the clergy should hold no propriety, that there was no basis for the doctrine of transubstantiation. He was a fore-runner to the Reformation. . - |
|
|
Hus |
[14th century] Preached against the abuses of the Catholic Church, especially the morality of the priests, preaching of the Bible in the common language of the people (not Latin), opposed the sale . of indulgences, and Papal infallibility. He wanted the church to practice Communion "in both kinds". Excommunicated from the church and burned at the stake 1415. Was a Bohemian priest who discovered Wycliffe's religious writings. He compared the character of the Pope to that of Christ, discovering that the Pope fell quite short of the mark. Thus he was excommunicated, and burned at the stake. |
|
|
Tyndal |
[15-16th century] An English Bible translator. The 1611 King James Version is 90% the work of Tyndal .Was martyred for his opposition to the Pope in 1536. |
|
|
Luther |
[15-16th century] Credited with being the father of the Reformation for his posting of the 95 thesis on the church door in Wittenburg, Germany 1517. Excommunicated from the Catholic church when he refused to recant his positions after the Diet of Worms. An accomplished preacher, author, and hymn writer . .Father of the Lutheran church Disagreed with Calvin on the issue of communion as he believed "consubstanciation." |
|
|
Melanchthon |
[15-16th century ] An associate of Luther who brought a soft gentle nature to Luther's very course mannerisms. Wrote Loci Communes and "Augsburg Confession." Shifted toward Erasmus; theology of salvation and towards Calvin's view of the Lord's ,"' Supper (Christ not present for the sake of the bread, but for the sake of man). |
|
|
Zwingli |
[15-16th century] Swiss Reformer. Perhaps the third best known Reformers behind Calvin and Luther. Disagreed with Luther over issue of whether or not we may do what the Bible does not forbid. Luther says we may, Zwingli says no. Fought the "Radical Reformation" over the pace (he wanted slower) of the Reformation.lt1 a. Believed that Christ's presence in the Lord's Supper was spiritual not physical. |
|
|
Calvin |
[16th century] Born French, he was "suddenly" converted sometime between 1532-34. First published his Institutes in 1536. Served as pastor in Geneva, expelled, and returned three years later Some think he set up a theocratic dictatorship there, but that is untrue- Had a major effect on the organization and expression of what we call Reformed Theology. Final edition of the Institutes published in 1559. Died in 1564. |
|
|
Knox |
[16th century] Bishop of Rochester. Upon the ascendancy of Mary Stuart as queen of Scots, he fled to the Continent where he was influenced by Calvin. In 1559, he returned to Scotland, and became the leader of the Scots Reformation. He helped draft the Scots Confession of Faith, and the Book of Discipline. He is remembered as the founder of Presbyterianism and theories on liberty and government. |
|
|
Covenanters |
[17th century] Name applied to those Scottish Presbyterians who signed the National Covenant and the Solemn League as well as to their followers. They resisted the Episcopal, "system of church government and the divine right of Kings (conflicting with the Stuart dynasty). |
|
|
Arminius: |
[16th century] A progressive Protestant Dutch theologian, Arminius was the author of a brand of theology known as Arminianism developed as a reaction against what he saw as the sternness of Calvinism. Arminius discarded the idea of unconditional predestination and taught that man had freedom to choose or reject salvation. He was the first to urge that the state tolerate all religions and emphasized the more practical aspects of faith instead of the creedal. |
|
|
Amyraut and the School of Saumur |
[17 century] French theologian and preacher, developed the doctrine of "hypothetical universalism" known as Amyraldianism. It taught that God wills all men to be saved, but because of inherited corruption, men reject hirn, so 2) God wills to save his elect by grace. |
|
|
Jonathan Edwards: |
: [18th century] Theologian and pastor. Perhaps America's best theologian remembered for stressing the inseparability of an intellectual Reformed faith from "experimental" religion. His writings include: "The Freedom of the Will" and "Sinners in the Hands of An Angry God." |
|
|
Richard Baxter: |
[17th century] Puritan preacher. Read him for his evangelism, spiritual counsel and church renewal, but not for grace centered living. He wrote The Reformed Pastor, A Call to The Unconverted, and A Christian Directory. |
|
|
Zinzendorf: |
[18th century] The founder of the Moravian Church. He was a German count whose importance lies in the creation of a missionary, service-oriented, ecumenical free church based upon a common experience of salvation and mutual love, and the emphasis upon deep, emotional religious expression which was intended to breathe new life into Protestantism. |
|
|
George Whitefield |
: [18th century] An English Calvinistic revivalist who was a major figure in the Great Awakening. Known for his eloquence and incredible speaking voice, he would preach to thousands gathered in the countryside. He was also influential in the founding of orphanages across the colonies. His eloquence and intelligence earned him the friendship of such notables as Benjamin Franklin. |
|
|
John Wesley |
: [18th century] An Arminian revivalist who, with the help of his brother Charles, founded Methodism as a movement within the Anglican Church. An itinerate preacher who was greatly influenced by the German Moravians, Wesley was one of the major forces behind the Evangelical revival in England. The Methodists stressed personal piety and devotion, as well as man's free choice to receive God's grace. Wesley emphasized the teaching of justification by faith alone and the pursuit of holiness to the point of "Christian perfection." |
|
|
34. Marrow Controversy: |
[18th century] A controversy in the Church of Scotland over rival theological views of legalism and merit in contrast to God's grace in Jesus Christ. The basis of the controversy was over a book, The Marrow of Modem Divinity, which advocated strongly Calvinistic doctrines and was held to favor antinomianism. |
|
|
William Carey |
[18-19th century] Shoemaker turned missionary, Carey had a vision for the church to be involved in foreign missions. His was the first real attempt at foreign missions by the Protestant church. In 1793 the Baptist Missionary Society sent Carey to India. Stationed near Calcutta, he and his colleagues translated the Bible into many of the native languages, set up printing presses, and colleges. His life inspired other missionaries to take the gospel to the ends of the earth, adopting his motto: "Attempt great things for God; expect great things from God." |
|
|
George Muller |
[19th century] Greatly influenced by Pietism and known mainly for his orphanage work in Bristol England. When his second orphanage was built, he and his wife began to travel around the world preaching the gospel. He was known for his "faith mission" principle in which he received miraculous answers to prayer. |
|
|
Charles Spurgeon |
[19th century] Calvinistic Baptist preacher and avid reader of the Puritans, known fondly as "The Prince of Preachers." In 1854 he became the pastor of a large congregation in London which built the Metropolitan Tabernacle to hold the crowds that came to hear him preach. He likely has more sermons published than any other preacher in history. |
|
|
Charles Hodge |
[19th century] The best-known proponent of the Princeton theology. A noted polemicist, Hodge is remembered for his rational defense of the Reformed faith, and for his defense of creationism against naturalistic evolution. |
|
|
. B. B. Warfield |
[19-20th century ] One of the last of the great Princeton theologians, respected for his scholarly defense of Augustinian Calvinism. He is remembered for his intellectual defense of Biblical inerrancy in the face of Scheierrnacherian and Ritschlian liberalism. |
|
|
Charles Finney |
[19th century] After training to be a lawyer, Finney became a Presbyterian revivalist, and the father of the New School movement. He employed "New measures" of pragmatic techniques such as the anxious seat, to win souls. He was a key force in the Northern section of the Second Great Awakening of the first half of the 19th century . |
|
|
. D. L. Moody |
[ 19th century] Dispensationalist revivalist, famous for his "sinking ship" theory: the world is lost, and Christians must endeavor only to save as many souls as they can before the end. Moody's emphasis led to the rampant separationism of the fundamentalist movement. |
|
|
1. Discuss the controversy between modernism and fundamentalism. Be sure in your answer to identify and explain the significance of the Auburn Affirmation (who signed it? why? when?), the "five fundamentals," Harry Emerson Fosdick, and J. Gresham Machen. |
Riding on a high tide of German higher criticism, liberalism infected the American church in the late 19th century. The issue would come to the fore in the Presbyterian Church USA in 1923, when 150 ministers signed an affirmation denying the necessity of subscription to the five fundamentals for ordination to the gospel ministry in the PCUSA. While many other institutions had fallen under liberalism, Old Princeton remained the bastion of Calvinist orthodoxy and intellectual defense of the Christian faith. When re-structuring of her board was ordered by the General Assembly, an action which would surely change her character, many of her orthodox faculty, under the leadership of NT scholar J. Gresham Machen, left to form Westminster Theological Seminary in 1929. When Machen and his followers objected to their tithes towards missions going to non-Christian pluralistic missions work, and established the Independent Board for Presbyterian Foreign Missions, they were defrocked by the PCUSA. They went on to found the Orthodox Presbyterian Church in 1936. Soon finding that they had been bound only by a common enemy, Machen and his fellow Old School Calvinists, and the dispentionalists, parted ways. Thus, under the leadership of Carl McIntire, the Bible Presbyterian Church was formed out of the dispensational group. (McIntosh) |
|
|
2. Trace the historical roots of the RPC~. From which major branch of Presbyterianism did the RPC~ come? Why is the RPCES important in PCA history? Be sure in your answer to identify and explain the significance of the Independent Board for Presbyterian Foreign Missions, J. Oliver Buswell, Robert Rayburn, Francis Schaeffer, and Carl Mclntire. |
Conservatives in the PCUSA formed their own denomination, the Presbyterian Church of America (1936), because of the modernists movement in the PCUSA- however, when the common cause of battling the modernists grew less intense because of the successful formation of the new denomination, difference began to surface. These difference were along the lines of eschatology and the use/nonuse of alcoholic beverages. This difference split the denomination. The group favoring pre-millenialism and complete abstinence from alcohol and tobacco formed the Bible Presbyterian Church in 1938. The Presbyterian Church of America renamed themselves a year later to the the Orthodox Presbyterian Church. The Bible Presbyterian Church split in 1956, once under Carl McIntrye who was resolved to keep mission boards and seminaries out from under denominational control. This split resulted in the Bible Presbyterian Church, Collinswood synod (McIntyre’s group) and the Bible Presbyterian Church, Columbus synod. The Columbus synod changed their name to the Evangelical Presbyterian Church and soon merged with the Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America, General synod to form the Reformed Presbyterian Church Evangelical Synod (RPCES). Thus, the RPCES came out of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, Northern Presbyterian Church. |
|
|
3. Trace the history of the formation of the PCA. When, where and why did the PCA begin? From what major branch of Presbyterianism did early members of the PCA come? Be sure in your answer to identify and explain the significance of the Presbyterian Evangelistic Fellowship, Concerned Presbyterians, the Presbyterian Journal, Morton H. Smith, W. Jack Williamson, Ken Keyes, and G. Aiken Taylor. |
The Presbyterian Church in America was formed in 1973, under the name The National Presbyterian Church. The church was formed as a continuing biblical Presbyterian denomination, out of the Presbyterian Church in the United States (the Southern Presbyterian Church). Due to the rampant liberalism, especially in the form of Barthianism, in that denomination, several organizations had been formed to preserve the gospel witness in that denomination. These included the Concerned Presbyterians, Presbyterian Churchmen United, the Presbyterian Evangelsitic Fellowship, and Reformed Theological Seminary. When things had progressed to such a stage where a majority of these men came to a conviction that the PCUS was no longer a viable organ of gospel witness, they organized to form the PCA. The first General Assembly was held at Briarwood Church in Birmingham Alabama, in 1973. Col. Jack Williamson was elected moderator and Morton Smith was elected Stated Clerk. Two other denominations were asked to merge with the PCA: The OPC and the Reformed Presbyterian Church, Evangelical Synod(RPC, ES). The RPCES accepted, and in 1982 joined and was received by the PCA bringing with them Covenant College and Covenant Theological Seminary. Today the PCA continues to offer itself as a biblically based denomination: True to the Scriptures, the Reformed faith, and obedient to the Great Commission.- Mcintosh |
|
|
When was the American Revolution |
roughly 1775-1783 |
|
|
What is the name of the confession which John Knox wrote along with several others |
scots confession 1560- first reformed confession in english language |
|
|
What was the east west schism about |
power struggle between rome and constantinople- rome popes claimed primacy- whereas eastern church was conciliar (meaning councils made decisions not popes) Filioque |
|
|
name a key figure in the radical reformation |
menno simmons |
|
|
what confession marks the real birth of the anabaptist movement |
Schleitheim Confession 1527 |
|
|
What characterizes menno simmons |
dutch catholic priest pacifism separation from world- and stte believed in"blessings of cross bearing" |
|
|
sig of diet of worms |
edict of worms addressing luther and protestantism. Charles V presiding |
|
|
results of nicea |
christ is one substance arius condemned nicene creed |
|
|
results of constantinople |
reaffirmed nicea revised nicene condemned apollinarianism (jesus is only partially human) affirmed diety of HS |
|
|
results of ephesus |
Jesus Christ is one real person condemned Nestorianism condemned pelagius (jesus created) vs. augustine (jesus not created0 |
|
|
chalcedon |
summed up the last 100 years debate affirmed jesus is one person with two natures (hypostatic two natures) perfect and complete (ct. apol) with confusiion or conversion(ct. Eut ) with division or separateion ( ct. Nest- absorbed into the divine) |
|
|
with what movement is spener and franke associated |
pietism |
|
|
why is humanism of the 1300s to 1500s called humanism |
places high values on humans as created by God |
|
|
what are the four groups that were concerned about pc us |
southern presbyterian concerned presbyterians presbyterian churchman united presbyterian evangelistic fellowship |
|
|
what year was the first general assembly held |
1973 |
|
|
how many original churches and members |
40,000 and over 250 churches |
|
|
who is was the first moderator of GA |
jack williamson |
|
|
who ws the first clerk of GA |
morton smith |
|
|
who was fosdick |
liberal baptist preach that sermon in 1922 |
|
|
where was first presbytery |
briarwood presbytery birmingham alabama |
|
|
goals of fellowship of st james |
reunificitno with northern church world council and national council of churches |
|
|
mission statement |
obed great commision true to the scriptures true to the reformed faith |
|
|
distinctives of pca (see BCO) |
God alone is lord of the conscience representation rules for membership rules for government rules for officer nomination civil vs. ecclesiastical (ministerial vs. civil power) officers are to exercise church disciple "godliness if founded on truth" (doctrine leads to morals) mutual forebearance |
|
|
what was the journal |
putting a published list of the concerns (led by laity) |
|
|
concerned presbyterians |
putting a published list of the concerns (led by laity) |
|
|
goal of presyb evange fellowship |
healthy alt to missions arm |
|
|
goal of presby church united |
rallies, informing membesr in the pews |
|
|
why is communion more than a memorialism |
john 6 my flesh is food indeed and my blood is drink indeed 1 cor 10 participation in the body and blood mt 26 this is my body |
|
|
what is a sacrament |
outward marking of an inward reality visible words (picture of the gospel) smell and taste the gospel. rom 4, mt 26,28. This do rememberance of me. 1 cor 10 union with christ |
|
|
what just these two sacraments |
baptism mt 28 redemption ordinance lordsupper mt 26 |
|
|
what are the seven catholic sacs |
Baptism, Confirmation , Eucharist, Penance, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, and Matrimony."[5] |
|
|
does anything really happen what is happening in a sacrament |
baptism: Acts 22 ananius (washing away your sins) 1 Peter 3 baptism saves you (noah) lords supper: -mt 26 this is the blood of new cov (forgiveness) -john 6 nourishment -1 cor 10 participation - reseal our communion (objectively) -1 cor 10 assurance (which leads to witness 1 cor 11 proclaims the lord's death til he comes) chirst and the benefits of new cov represented - sealed applied |
|
|
cite the continuity passages |
col 2 baptism circumcision acts 2 baptism circumcision luke 22 do this in rememberance of me (at passover) 1 cor 5:7 christ is our passover lamb has been sacrificed |
|
|
where in scripture are these terms used |
rom 4 uses both "sign" and "seal" less explicit connection eph 1 |
|
|
scriptural backing for sprinkling. would you immerse someone? |
in OT things were cleanses by the sprinlking of blood (leviticus alter throwing of blood). the lxx use of baptizo in OT when sprinkling or pouring is being done. baptism is picture of baptism of hs , then pouring is best parallel (I will pour out my spirit joel 2; acts 2:17). exek 36 |
|
|
rightly administered |
water- 1 pet 3 (noah), mt 2 (jesus own baptism), trinity- mt 28 lawfully ordained (the audience in mt 28 and mt 26; 1 cor 11) keys to the kingdom mt 16 "drink judgment" 1 cor 11 |
|
|
corporate identity |
1 cor 10 (one bread one body one lord of all, one cup of blessing we which we bless) |
|
|
why infants |
continuity 2000 years of history corporate entity |
|
|
what is a covenant blessing? |
prayer for peple |
|
|
what is salvation? |
ordo saludis |
|
|
how is fencing practiced? |
two ways -open and closed- 1 cor 11 |
|
|
biblically defend real presence |
is this just against reason? |
|
|
discuss muratorian canon |
The Muratorian fragment is a copy of perhaps the oldest known list of the books of the New Testament. The fragment is a seventh-century Latin manuscript bound in an eighth or seventh century codex that came from the library of Columban's monastery at Bobbio; it contains internal cues which suggest that it is a translation from a Greek original written about 170 or as late as the fourth century. The copy "was made by an illiterate and careless scribe, and is full of blunders" (Henry Wace[1]). The poor Latin and the state that the original manuscript was in have made it difficult to translate. The fragment, of which the beginning is missing and which ends abruptly, is the remaining section of a list of all the works that were accepted as canonical by the churches known to its anonymous original compiler. It was discovered in the Ambrosian Library in Milan by Father Ludovico Antonio Muratori (1672 – 1750), the most famous Italian historian of his generation, and published in 1740.[1] |
|
|
discuss process of canonization |
In his Easter letter of 367, Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria, gave a list of exactly the same books as what would become the New Testament canon, and he used the phrase "being canonized" (kanonizomena) in regards to them. |
|
|
sig of easter letter |
In AD 367, Athanasius of Alexandria authored the 39th Festal Letter, or Easter letter. In it, he listed the same 27 books of the New Testament that are in use today. The same letter defines a 22-book Old Testament. The epistle to the Hebrews is missing from some later lists, but the canon defined dogmatically at the Council of Trent matches Athanasius's list and includes the epistle. The New Testament writings founded in the Codex Vaticanus (A.D.340) and Athanasius' 39th Festal Letter were the first compilations of the present list of Roman Catholic New Testament writings which were officially determined at the Council of Rome (A.D. 382), under Pope Damasus. This determination was then confirmed by the Third Council of Carthage (A.D. 397). [1] |
|
|
Lex Rex |
1644 Samuel Rutherford In reply to the divine right of king, supports rights of people |
|
|
Medulla Theologica |
Early 1600s William Ames reply to Arminianism, theology textbook |
|
|
Institutes of Christian Religion |
1536/1559/1560 Calvin |
|
|
Bondage of the Will |
1525 Luther reply to Erasmus/Semi-Pelagianism |
|
|
95 Theses |
1517 Luther |
|
|
Der Romerbrief |
1922 Barth Commentary on Romans/break from liberalism/emphasis on transcendence of God |
|
|
Barmen Declaration |
1934 Barth/Bonhoeffer Resistance to Nazism |
|
|
Analogy of Religion |
1736 J. Butler Refutation of deism |
|
|
Magnalia Christi Americana |
1702 Cotton Mather History of churches of New England |
|
|
Summa Theologica |
1265-1274 Aquinas |
|
|
Cur Deus Homo |
1090s Anselm On the incarnation/atonement |
|
|
Vulgate |
5th Jerome Latin Bible |
|
|
City of God |
c413-427 Augustine |
|
|
Ecclesiastical History |
325 Eusebius Church history |
|
|
Canons of Dort |
1618-19 Gomarus TULIP Dutch Calvinist |
|
|
Heidelberg |
1563 Ursinus/Olervianus Form of catechism Dutch Calvinist |
|
|
39 Articles |
1563 Cramner Doctrinal foundation for COE Anglican |
|
|
Scots Confession |
1560 Knox Church of Scotland |
|
|
Book of Concord |
1580 10 different confessions Lutheran |
|
|
Formula of Concord |
1577 Chemnitz and Andreae United Lutherans after death of Luther Lutheran |
|
|
Augsburg Confession |
1530 Luther/Melancthon Summary of faith for Charles V Lutheran |
|
|
Athanasian Creed |
4th/5th Doctrine of Trinity |
|
|
Belgic Confession |
1566 De Bres 37 Articles Dutch |
|
|
2nd Helvetic Confession |
1566 Bullinger |
|
|
Savoy Declaration |
1658 Owen Congregational form of WCF Congregationalist |
|
|
London Baptist Confession of Faith |
1689 |
|
|
Nicea |
325 Arius condemned/Homousious |
|
|
Synod of Orange |
529 Upholds Augustinian view that grace has primacy in salvation contra Semi-Pelagianism |
|
|
Edict of Milan |
313 Ended Persecution of Christians |
|
|
Synod of Dort |
1618-19 Arminians condemned |
|
|
Supremacy Act |
1534 England's Break from Rome |
|
|
Marbug Colloquy |
1529 Attempt to unite German and Swiss Reformers Failed because of consubstantiation |
|
|
Council of Trent |
1545-1563 |
|
|
Diet of Worms |
1521 Luther refuses to recant |
|
|
Vatican II |
1962-5 Liturgical, theogolical development in Catholic church |
|
|
Auburn Affirmation |
1924 Denied need for ministers to affirm "fundamentals" |
|
|
Barmen Declaration |
1934 Opposed Nazis |
|
|
Vatican I |
1869 Papal infallibility |
|
|
Great Awakening |
1725-1760 Series of revivals spurred by Edwards and Whitefield |
|
|
2nd Great Awakening |
1790-1840 Revivals spurred by Finney |
|
|
Babylonian Captivity |
1348 Pope "exiled" to Avignon |
|
|
Westminster Assembly |
1643-1652 |
|
|
First Crusade |
1095-99 |
|
|
Solemn League and Covenant |
1643 Religious agreement b/w Scotland and England |
|
|
Great Schism |
1054 Split b/w Eastern and Western church |
|
|
Council of Nicea II |
787 Iconoclast |
|
|
Constantinople |
381 Nicea reaffirmed, divinity of HS, Apollinarius condemned |
|
|
Ephesus |
431 Condemnation of Nestorius |
|
|
Chacledon |
451 Condemnation of Eutyches 2 natures one person |
|
|
Blaise Pascal |
17th Italian Janist |
|
|
Moses Amyrault |
17th French Calvinist |
|
|
Samuel Rutherford |
17th Scot Lex Rex |
|
|
William Laud |
17th Anglican Persecution of Puritans, imposed liturgy in Scotland |
|
|
William Ames |
16-17th English Puritan Morrow of Theology |
|
|
Francis Gomar |
17th Opposed Arminius Calvinist |
|
|
Francis Turretin |
17th Italian Scholastic |
|
|
Andrew Melville |
16th-17th |
|
|
John Knox |
16th Scot Book of Confessions |
|
|
Robert Bellarmine |
16-17th Italian Jesuit Argued against protestants |
|
|
Lilo & Fausto Sozzini |
16th Italian Socinianism Questioned divinity of Christ/Rationality |
|
|
Theodore Beza |
16th French Calvinist Successor to Calvin/Huguenot movement |
|
|
Loyola Ignatius |
16th Spanish Catholic Founded Jesuits, Wrote Spiritual Exercises |
|
|
John Calvin |
16th French Reformer |
|
|
Ulrich Zwingli |
16th Swiss Reformer in Zurich/67 Articles |
|
|
Menno Simons |
16th Dutch Anabaptist "Founded" mennonites. Pacifism, etc. |
|
|
William Tyndale |
16th English Early Reformer/Translated bible in English/Killed by Thomas More |
|
|
Erasmus |
15-16th Dutch Catholic humanist "The Praise of Folly" (excesses of monks)/"On Free Will" |
|
|
Martin Chemnitz |
16th German Lutheran Author of Formula of Concord/scholasticism |
|
|
Philip Melanchthon |
16th German Lutheran Successor of Luther/Marburg Colloquy/author of Augsburg Confession |
|
|
John Tetzel |
15-16th German Catholic (Dominican) Seen as proponent of clergy abuses |
|
|
Thomas Muntzer |
16th German Anabaptist Peasant's War |
|
|
Martin Luther |
16th German Lutheran 95 Theses/Bondage of the Will |
|
|
Thomas Cartwright |
16th English Puritan Opposed Elizabeth I |
|
|
Charles Fuller |
20th American Baptist Founded Fuller Sem |
|
|
Bishop Usher |
17th Irish Anglican Genealogies |
|
|
Shaeffer |
20th American Presbyterian L'Abri |
|
|
Lewis Sperry Chafer |
20th American Congregational Founded DTS |
|
|
Albert Schweitzer |
20th German Lutheran Quest for the Historal Jesus/Eschatalogical Jesus |
|
|
C. S. Lewis |
20th English Anglican Narnia/Mere Christianity, etc. |
|
|
Harry Emerson Fosdick |
20th American Presbyterian Pushed for Liberalism/opposed fundamentalism |
|
|
Karl Rahner |
20th German Catholic most important RC theologian in 20th cent. "Foundations of the Christian Faith" - involved in Vat II |
|
|
Reinhold Niebur |
20th American German Evangelical "Social Gospel" opposed capitalistic excess, KKK |
|
|
Rudolph Bultmann |
20th German Lutheran demyth NT/Father of Form Criticism/separated history and faith |
|
|
Karl Barth |
20th German Swiss Reformed Opposed Hitler/most important 20th Protestant theologian/Church Dogmatics/Der Römerbrief |
|
|
Cornelius Van Til |
20th American Presbyterian Helped establish WTS/Apologetics/Presuppostionalism |
|
|
J. Gresham Machen |
20th American Presbyterian "Christianity and Liberalism"/Started WTS, OPC |
|
|
Charles Augustus Briggs |
19th/20th American (UVA grad) Presbyterian Hebrew Scholar/BDB/Taught at Union Seminary/Was suspended by Pres Church for Heresy (Liberal views on innerancy) and became Episcopal |
|
|
BB Warfield |
19th/20th American Presbyterian Principal of Princeton Seminary/defended innerrancy/prolific writer/advocated cessationism |
|
|
William Ellery Channing |
19th American Unitarian Defined "Unitarian Christianity" (liberal movement w/in congregationalism) |
|
|
John Henry Newman |
19th English Anglican convert to RC Part of "Oxford Movement" (high church movement w/in Anglicanism)/worked to united COE with RC/Became RC Cardinal |
|
|
Charles Haddon Spurgeon |
19th English (Reformed) Baptist Metropolitan Tab Preacher in London/Taught Calvinism/"Prince of Preachers" |
|
|
Abraham Kuyper |
19th/20th Dutch Calvinist/Dutch Reformed Developed "Neo-Calvinism"/Christ as Lord of Culture/Prime Minister |
|
|
Albrecht Ritschl |
19th German German Evangelical Denies justice and wrath, subst atonement/deconstructed authorship of synoptics |
|
|
Friedrich Schleiermacher |
18th/19th German Reformed Rejected historic Christianity, father of modern liberalism (opposed later by Barth). |
|
|
Charles Hodge |
19th American Presbyterian Principal of Princeton (before Warfield)/Defended Calvinism, Inerrancy/Wrote Systematic Theology |
|
|
James Thornwell |
19th American Presbyterian (Southern) Purges S. Carolina College of liberalism/Promoted "spirituality of church" (i.e. opposed Christian abolitionists)/Founder of Southern Presby Church/Debated Hodge |
|
|
Robert Dabney |
19th American Presbyterian Defended Calvinism/Fought w/Jackson/Taught at Union |
|
|
Thomas Chalmers |
19th Scot Presbyterian 1st moderator of Free Church of Scotland/deep concern for social issues/ |
|
|
William Carey |
18th/19th English Anglican, then Baptist Baptist Missionary Society/Missionary in India/24 bible translations |
|
|
Archibald Alexander |
18th/19th American Presbyterian 1st Prof at Princeton/served as Principal of Princeton |
|
|
William Tennent Sr. |
18th Scot Presbyterian Formed the Log College in America (forerunner to Princeton) |
|
|
Matthew Tindal |
17th/18th English Deist Famous deist, following Locke |
|
|
John Wesley |
18th English Anglican, then Methodist Founded Methodism/one of the first field preachers/Arminian/Holy Club at Oxford/Friend with Whitfield |
|
|
George Whitefield |
18th English Calvinist contemporary of Wesley/Greatest Preacher?/First great awakening/ |
|
|
Jonathan Edwards |
18th American Congregationalist (Calvinist) Key role in great awakening/mission to the indians/President of Princeton briefly/Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God |
|
|
Roger Williams |
17th American Baptist Helped found Rhode Island/tolerance for religious diversity |
|
|
Oliver Cromwell |
17th English Puritan Military leader of anti-Royalist forces/Lord Protector of England |
|
|
John Bunyan |
17th English Puritan Pilgrim's Progress/Grace Abounding.../Imprisioned for preaching |
|
|
John Huss |
15th Bohemia (Czech) Reformer of Catholic Church |
|
|
John Wycliffe |
14th/15th English Pre-reformer denied Transubstantiation/wanted bible in vulgar tongue. |
|
|
Thomas Bradwardine |
14th English Anglican Archbishop of Cantebury/emphasis on Salvation by Grace/Cause of God against the Pelagians |
|
|
Thomas Aquinas |
13th Italian Catholic Summa/reintroduces Aristotle to church/arguments for God |
|
|
Peter Lombard |
12th Italian Catholic Important forerunner of scholasticism/"Book of Sentences" |
|
|
Peter Abelard |
11th/12th French Catholic Castrated/Scholastic/"Yes and No"/Moral influence theory |
|
|
Anselm |
11th Italian Catholic Ontological argument for god/Cur Deus Homo/satisfactionary theory of atonement |
|
|
Columba |
6th Irish Catholic Missionary to Scotland/Monastery at Iona |
|
|
Benedict |
5th/6th Italian Catholic Benedict's "Rule"/Monastic order/order and discipline |
|
|
Athanasius |
4th Alexanderian Greek Father On the Incarnation/Black Dwarf/Opposed Arian/39th Festal Leter (set canon) |
|
|
Jerome |
4th/5th Croatian Latin Father Vulgate/monastary in Israel |
|
|
Ambrose |
4th Bishop of Milan (Frank) Latin Father Opposed Arian/Helped convert Augustine/liturgist |
|
|
Blaise Pascal |
17th Italian Janist |
|
|
Moses Amyrault |
17th French Calvinist (4 Point Calvinist) Christ death for all, but effectual for elect. |
|
|
Samuel Rutherford |
17th Scot Lex Rex |
|
|
William Laud |
17th Anglican Persecution of Puritans, imposed liturgy in Scotland |
|
|
William Ames |
16-17th English Puritan Morrow of Theology |
|
|
Francis Gomar |
17th Opposed Arminius Calvinist |
|
|
Francis Turretin |
17th Italian Scholastic |
|
|
Andrew Melville |
16th-17th |
|
|
John Knox |
16th Scot Book of Confessions |
|
|
Robert Bellarmine |
16-17th Italian Jesuit Argued against protestants |
|
|
Lilo & Fausto Sozzini |
16th Italian Socinianism Questioned divinity of Christ/Rationality |
|
|
Theodore Beza |
16th French Calvinist Successor to Calvin/Huguenot movement |
|
|
Loyola Ignatius |
16th Spanish Catholic Founded Jesuits, Wrote Spiritual Exercises |
|
|
John Calvin |
16th French Reformer |
|
|
Ulrich Zwingli |
16th Swiss Reformer in Zurich/67 Articles |
|
|
Menno Simons |
16th Dutch Anabaptist "Founded" mennonites. Pacifism, etc. |
|
|
William Tyndale |
16th English Early Reformer/Translated bible in English/Killed by Thomas More |
|
|
Erasmus |
15-16th Dutch Catholic humanist "The Praise of Folly" (excesses of monks)/"On Free Will" |
|
|
Martin Chemnitz |
16th German Lutheran Author of Formula of Concord/scholasticism |
|
|
Philip Melanchthon |
16th German Lutheran Successor of Luther/Marburg Colloquy/author of Augsburg Confession |
|
|
John Tetzel |
15-16th German Catholic (Dominican) Seen as proponent of clergy abuses |
|
|
Thomas Muntzer |
16th German Anabaptist Peasant's War |
|
|
Martin Luther |
16th German Lutheran 95 Theses/Bondage of the Will |
|
|
Thomas Cartwright |
16th English Puritan Opposed Elizabeth I |
|
|
Charles Fuller |
20th American Baptist Founded Fuller Sem |
|
|
Bishop Usher |
17th Irish Anglican Genealogies |
|
|
Shaeffer |
20th American Presbyterian L'Abri |
|
|
Lewis Sperry Chafer |
20th American Congregational Founded DTS |
|
|
Albert Schweitzer |
20th German Lutheran Quest for the Historal Jesus/Eschatalogical Jesus |
|
|
C. S. Lewis |
20th English Anglican Narnia/Mere Christianity, etc. |
|
|
Harry Emerson Fosdick |
20th American Presbyterian Pushed for Liberalism/opposed fundamentalism |
|
|
Karl Rahner |
20th German Catholic most important RC theologian in 20th cent. "Foundations of the Christian Faith" - involved in Vat II |
|
|
Reinhold Niebur |
20th American German Evangelical "Social Gospel" opposed capitalistic excess, KKK |
|
|
Rudolph Bultmann |
20th German Lutheran demyth NT/Father of Form Criticism/separated history and faith |
|
|
Karl Barth |
20th German Swiss Reformed Opposed Hitler/most important 20th Protestant theologian/Church Dogmatics/Der Römerbrief |
|
|
Cornelius Van Til |
20th American Presbyterian Helped establish WTS/Apologetics/Presuppostionalism |
|
|
J. Gresham Machen |
20th American Presbyterian "Christianity and Liberalism"/Started WTS, OPC |
|
|
Charles Augustus Briggs |
19th/20th American (UVA grad) Presbyterian Hebrew Scholar/BDB/Taught at Union Seminary/Was suspended by Pres Church for Heresy (Liberal views on innerancy) and became Episcopal |
|
|
BB Warfield |
19th/20th American Presbyterian Principal of Princeton Seminary/defended innerrancy/prolific writer/advocated cessationism |
|
|
William Ellery Channing |
19th American Unitarian Defined "Unitarian Christianity" (liberal movement w/in congregationalism) |
|
|
John Henry Newman |
19th English Anglican convert to RC Part of "Oxford Movement" (high church movement w/in Anglicanism)/worked to united COE with RC/Became RC Cardinal |
|
|
Charles Haddon Spurgeon |
19th English (Reformed) Baptist Metropolitan Tab Preacher in London/Taught Calvinism/"Prince of Preachers" |
|
|
Abraham Kuyper |
19th/20th Dutch Calvinist/Dutch Reformed Developed "Neo-Calvinism"/Christ as Lord of Culture/Prime Minister |
|
|
Albrecht Ritschl |
Albrecht Ritschl (March 25, 1822 - March 20, 1889) was a German theologian. |
|
|
Friedrich Schleiermacher |
18th/19th German Reformed Rejected historic Christianity, father of modern liberalism (opposed later by Barth). |
|
|
Charles Hodge |
19th American Presbyterian Principal of Princeton (before Warfield)/Defended Calvinism, Inerrancy/Wrote Systematic Theology |
|
|
James Thornwell |
19th American Presbyterian (Southern) Purges S. Carolina College of liberalism/Promoted "spirituality of church" (i.e. opposed Christian abolitionists)/Founder of Southern Presby Church/Debated Hodge |
|
|
Robert Dabney |
19th American Presbyterian Defended Calvinism/Fought w/Jackson/Taught at Union |
|
|
Thomas Chalmers |
19th Scot Presbyterian 1st moderator of Free Church of Scotland/deep concern for social issues/ |
|
|
William Carey |
18th/19th English Anglican, then Baptist Baptist Missionary Society/Missionary in India/24 bible translations |
|
|
Archibald Alexander |
18th/19th American Presbyterian 1st Prof at Princeton/served as Principal of Princeton |
|
|
William Tennent Sr. |
18th Scot Presbyterian Formed the Log College in America (forerunner to Princeton) |
|
|
Matthew Tindal |
17th/18th English Deist Famous deist, following Locke |
|
|
John Wesley |
18th English Anglican, then Methodist Founded Methodism/one of the first field preachers/Arminian/Holy Club at Oxford/Friend with Whitfield |
|
|
George Whitefield |
18th English Calvinist contemporary of Wesley/Greatest Preacher?/First great awakening/ |
|
|
Jonathan Edwards |
18th American Congregationalist (Calvinist) Key role in great awakening/mission to the indians/President of Princeton briefly/Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God |
|
|
Roger Williams |
17th American Baptist Helped found Rhode Island/tolerance for religious diversity |
|
|
Oliver Cromwell |
17th English Puritan Military leader of anti-Royalist forces/Lord Protector of England |
|
|
John Bunyan |
17th English Puritan Pilgrim's Progress/Grace Abounding.../Imprisioned for preaching |
|
|
John Huss |
15th Bohemia (Czech) Reformer of Catholic Church |
|
|
John Wycliffe |
14th/15th English Pre-reformer denied Transubstantiation/wanted bible in vulgar tongue. |
|
|
Thomas Bradwardine |
14th English Anglican Archbishop of Cantebury/emphasis on Salvation by Grace/Cause of God against the Pelagians |
|
|
Thomas Aquinas |
13th Italian Catholic Summa/reintroduces Aristotle to church/arguments for God |
|
|
Peter Lombard |
12th Italian Catholic Important forerunner of scholasticism/"Book of Sentences" |
|
|
Peter Abelard |
11th/12th French Catholic Castrated/Scholastic/"Yes and No"/Moral influence theory |
|
|
Anselm |
11th Italian Catholic Ontological argument for god/Cur Deus Homo/satisfactionary theory of atonement |
|
|
Columba |
6th Irish Catholic Missionary to Scotland/Monastery at Iona |
|
|
Benedict |
5th/6th Italian Catholic Benedict's "Rule"/Monastic order/order and discipline |
|
|
Athanasius |
4th Alexanderian Greek Father On the Incarnation/Black Dwarf/Opposed Arian/39th Festal Leter (set canon) |
|
|
Jerome |
4th/5th Croatian Latin Father Vulgate/monastary in Israel |
|
|
Ambrose |
4th Bishop of Milan (Frank) Latin Father Opposed Arian/Helped convert Augustine/liturgist |
|
|
Augustine |
4th/5th Hippo (Africa) Latin Father Greatest theologian/converted to Xianity/City of God, Confessions |
|
|
Pelagius |
4th/5th English Latin Father Emphasis on human freedom/debated with Augustine/"Defense of the Freedom of the Will" |
|
|
Chrysostom |
4th Antioch (Turkey) Greek Father "Golden-tongue"/exegete of literal school/"On the Priesthood" |
|
|
Eusebius |
3rd/4th Caesarea Greek Father "Church History"/compromise with Arianism/politician |
|
|
Origen |
3rd Egyptian Greek Father Hexapla/Platonic/Commentaries |
|
|
Cyprian |
3rd Africa (Carthage) Latin Father Beheaded by Valerian/influenced by Tertullian |
|
|
Tertullian |
2nd/3rd Roman born in Africa (Carthage) Latin Father 1st Western father of Church/coined "Trinity", early orthodox views of trinity and incarnation/Became Montanist |
|
|
Polycarp |
1st/2nd Smyrna (Turkey) Apostolic Father "He has been faithful to me..."/Knew John/ |
|
|
Justin Martyr |
2nd Palestine Apologist School of theology in Rome/Dialogue with Jews |
|
|
Irenaeus |
2nd Smyrna/Gaul Father of Catholic Theology Opposed Gnosticism/taught apostolic succession/"Against Heresies" |
|
|
Samuel Miller |
19th American Presby Book on office of ruling elder/founder of Princeton Sem |
|
|
William Tenent/John Witherspoon |
18th American Presby involved w/log college and Princeton |
|
|
Cotton Mather |
17th-18th American Puritan Involved in Salem Witch Trials/minister, prolific writer/Magnalia Christi Americana |
|
|
What were the major Issues surrounding the Schism in 1056? |
Who was Head of the Church |
|
|
Who was the first pope? |
Leo the Great |
|
|
Athenasius contru mundum |
Athenasius against the world |
|
|
What are the 4 Major councils? Who was involved and what was decided? |
COUNCIL OF NICEA |
|
|
DOCETISM |
Jesus body was only an illusion. |
|
|
ARIANISM (ARIUS) |
Christ is not eternal son of God. (There was a time when Jesus was not) |
|
|
NESTORIUS |
Christ is 2 persons (human & divine) |
|
|
APOLLINARIUS |
Christ lacked a humane (reasonable) soul. |
|
|
EUTYCHES |
Christ had 1 nature, half human half divine. |
|
|
GNOSTICS |
Have "secret knowledge" |
|
|
Marcion |
Thought God of the OT was evil and God of NT is Good. So there are two different Gods. |
|
|
Manarchism |
A Trinitiarian error which denies the personal distinctiveness of the Father, Son and Spirit, either by denying Christ’s full deity or by teaching that the Father, the Son, and the Spirit are the same person in different “modes.” |
|
|
What is the Renissance? |
It is a re-birth of learning |
|
|
Erasmus was a |
Humanist |
|
|
Guttenberg Press |
1440 |
|
|
What was luther trying to do with nailing his 95 theses to the door? |
He was asking for a debate over selling of indulgences, addressing salvation and abusses. |
|
|
Who is William Farrel |
He brought Calvin to Geneva to set up a state church. The council and Calvin differed in the exercise of discipline. Calvin was exiled to Strausburg (momentarily) where he met up with bucer. |
|
|
Servutus |
A heretic whom Calvin wanted to show mercy too. |
|
|
John Knox |
- Exiled to Geneva where he sat under calvin. He then created teh first bible with study notes (the Geneva Bible) |
|
|
What is the difference between the puritans and Separatist? |
Puritans wanted to purify the church |
|
|
Danger in Neo-Orthodoxy. |
- Naturalistic presuppositions. Losing grip on supernatural. Trying to compromise. |
|
|
Neo-Evangelicalism |
(More conservative than Neo-orthodoxy, Billy Graham) |
|
|
Anglican = |
Church of England ~ Episcopal is American version |
|
|
What is the difference between revivalism and revival? |
- Revivalism ~ Emotionalism, right music, etc. Man Center. |
|
|
Famous quote from Tertullian about Jerusalem. |
“What does Athens have to do with Jerusalem” |
|
|
5 Major Councils |
Council of Nicea, 325 AD |
|
|
Name the early Apostolic Fathers |
Clement of Rome (100 AD) |
|
|
Division of Eras Church History |
31-100 AD Apostolic Period |
|
|
Famous theologians during Medieval Times (500-1500) |
John Wycliff, John Hus, Gregory the Great, Anselm, bernard of Clairvaux, Thomas Aquinas, William of Ockham, Peter Abelard |
|
|
Gregory the Great |
Gregory the Great (540-604) |
|
|
Anselm |
Anselm of Canterbury (1033-1109) |
|
|
Bernard of Clairvaux |
Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) |
|
|
Thomas Aquinas |
Thomas Aquinas (1225-74) |
|
|
William of Ockham |
(1280-1349) |
|
|
Peter of Abelard |
Peter Abelard (1079-1142) |
|
|
John Wycliff |
John Wycliff (1330-84) |
|
|
John Huss |
John Hus (1372-1415) |
|
|
Clement of Rome |
Clement of Rome (first century) |
|
|
Ignatius of Antioch |
Ignatius of Antioch (35-107) |
|
|
Marcion |
Marcion (d. 160) |
|
|
Justin Martyr |
Justin Martyr (100-165) |
|
|
Irenaeus |
Irenaeus of Lyons (130-200) |
|
|
Tertullian |
Tertullian (160-225) |
|
|
Cyprian |
Cyprian (d. 258) |
|
|
Clement of Alexandria |
Clement of Alexandria (150-215) |
|
|
Origen |
Origen (185-254) |
|
|
Arius |
Arius |
|
|
Athanasius |
Athanasius (296-373) |
|
|
Eusebius |
20 Nov 2004 |
|
|
Basil of Caesarea |
Basil of Caesarea (330-79) |
|
|
Gregory of Nazianzus |
Gregory of Nazianzus (329-89) |
|
|
John chrysostom |
John Chrysostom (347-407) |
|
|
Theodore of Mopsuestia |
Theodore of Mopsuestia (4th cent.) |
|
|
Augustine |
ugustine (354-430) |
|
|
Nestorius |
Nestorius (d. 451) |
|
|
Leo the Great |
Leo the Great (Leo I) (440-61) |
|
|
Gregory of Nyssa |
20 Nov 2004 |
|
|
Ambrose |
Ambrose (340-97) |
|
|
Jerome |
Jerome (331-420) |
|
|
pelagius |
Pelagius (early 5th cent.) |
|
|
Cyril of Alexandria |
Cyril of Alexandria (d. 444) |
|
|
Eutyches |
Eutyches (middle of 5th cent.) |
|
|
Erasmus |
Desiderius Erasmus (1466?-1536) |
|
|
Ulrich Zwingli |
Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) |
|
|
Thomas Muntzer |
Thomas Muntzer (1489-1525) |
|
|
Martin Bucer |
Martin Bucer (1491-1551) |
|
|
William Tyndale |
William Tyndale (1494-1536) |
|
|
Melanchthon |
Philip Melancthon (1497-1560) |
|
|
Heinrich Bullinger |
Heinrich Bullinger (1504-75) |
|
|
John Knox |
John Knox (1514-72) |
|
|
Henry VIII |
23 Nov 2004 |
|
|
Blaise Pascal |
Blaise Pascal (1623-62) |
|
|
John Bunyan |
ohn Bunyan (1628-88) |
|
|
Martin Luther |
I. Introducing Martin Luther |
|
|
Thomas Cramner |
Thomas Cranmer (1489-1556) |
|
|
Ignatius of Loyola |
Ignatius of Loyola |
|
|
Menno Simons |
Menno Simons (1496-1561) |
|
|
John Calvin |
ohn Calvin (1509-64) |
|
|
Jacob Arminius |
Jacob Arminius (1560-1609) |
|
|
John Owen |
John Owen (1616-83) |
|
|
Francis Turretin |
Francis Turretin (1623-87) |
|
|
Hugo Grotius |
Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) |
|
|
Jonathan Edwards |
Jonathan Edwards (1703-58) |
|
|
Immanuel Kant |
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) |
|
|
Charles Finney |
Charles Finney (1792-1875) |
|
|
Charles Hodge |
Charles Hodge (1797-1878) |
|
|
BB Warfield |
B.B. Warfield (1851-1921) |
|
|
Mathew Tindal |
Mathew Tindal (1655-1733) |
|
|
John Wesley |
John Wesley (1703-91) |
|
|
Albert Schweitzer |
Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965) |
|
|
JG Machen |
J.G. Machen (1881-1937) |
|
|
Emil Brunner |
Emil Brunner (1889-1966) |
|
|
Karl Rahner |
Karl Rahner (b.1904) |
|
|
Clark Pinnock |
Clark Pinnock (b. 1937) |
|
|
Karl Barth |
Karl Barth (1886-1968) |
|
|
CS Lewis |
C. S. Lewis (1898-1963) |
|
|
Dietrich Bonhoeffer |
Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906-45) |
|
|
Francis Schaeffer |
Francis A. Schaeffer (1912-84) |
|
|
Billy Graham |
Billy Graham (b. 1918) |
|
|
Shepherd of Hermas |
A book of the nT for 300 years. Pastoral letter written to Chrstians in Rome. |
|
|
Justin |
Know dialogue with Trypho (apologetic to a Jew) |
|
|
Montanist |
o Montanists ~ (2nd Century) 2 ladies who were prophetests. Spoke of ungoing prophecy. Added scripture.(Tertullian became a follower late in his life) |
|
|
The different persecutions before the edict of Milan |
o Neronian |
|
|
4 Major councils according to Vogel |
o Constantinople (381) upheld Nicean verdict. Opponent was Apollonarius. Diety of Christ absorbed the humanity so that there wasn’t a human soul. |
|
|
Iconoclastic |
o Iconoclastic ~ Terring down and destroys icons. The east is destroying the icons. Never see a statue in Eastern orthodox statue, but will see paintings. 2 dimensional image in worship. West allowed for 3d imagery. |
|
|
Realist |
o Realist ~ Thinks of universals (ideas) exist in the mind of God before they existed. When God said chair there was a chair in the mind of God. (Anselm, archbishop of cantebery, know what he wrote and why that is important, cur des homo) First treatment of the atonement. Why fully God and fully man. |
|
|
Nominalist |
Universal ideals are just names. An object is only an object until it is created. Whatever we experience we experience through experiences (Occam) |
|
|
Fedeism |
Fideism is an epistemological theory which maintains that faith is independent of reason, or that reason and faith are hostile to each other and faith is superior at arriving at particular truths (see natural theology). The word fideism comes from fides, the Latin word for faith, and literally means "faith-ism." |
|
|
Tomist |
o (Tomist~ Thomas Aquinas followers.) balances Nominalist and Realist. |
|
|
Abellard |
o Abellard 12th century ~ Yes & No book. Systematic Theology book. Figure out what it talks about. Getting the systematizing of doctrine and setting down the dogmas of the faith. |
|
|
Peter Lombard |
o Peter Lombard ~ Book of Sentences. Most importantly he outlines what becomes accepted at council of trent of 7 sacraments. Know the 7 sacraments. |
|
|
Martin Luther |
o Martin Luther ~ Augustinian Monk. Important. Husite. Brethern of the Common Life. Mystics. |
|
|
Came Thmas A'Kempis |
o Came Thomas a’kepis. ~ Imitation of Christ. |
|
|
Mystics |
o Mystics, deal with the interior of the Christian Life. |
|
|
Purpose of 95 Theses |
• 95 theses attack misuse of the authority of church in granting or twith holding salvation. |
|
|
Peasants Revolt |
Peasants revolt (shows important differences) |
|
|
Calvin kicked out of Geneva |
o Calvin was kicked out because he wanted to hold the council accountable for their sinfulness. |
|
|
John Calvin's "Black Spot" |
o John Calvin’s Black Spot ~ Burning of Cervitus. Cervitus was a Spanish heritic, had a price on his head. Any one that gave him safe quarter would be killed. When Cervitus said he was coming, Calvin told him not to come and that he would be killed. Cervetus stood up in one of calvins sermons and refutes the trinity. The city council (which Calvin was not a member of) found him as a heretic, Calvin was arguing for a more humain execution. (beheading). |
|
|
Calvins Institutes |
o Calvin’s Institutes were written in a systematic theology to the common man. |
|
|
Radical Reformation |
o Radical Reformation ~ First generation of Anabaptist. Bought into much of what Luther was saying, but took it to an individualistic. They were much more of Millenial and wanted to enter into kingdom of Christ. Took over munster, one proclaimed to be Jesus Christ. They were using the sword. Kind of like wild charismatics with the wildness of the holy spirit |
|
|
English History of the Break from the Catholic church to Persecution of Protestants |
o Bloody’s Marys dad was henry the 8th. Married his brothers widow. She didn’t produce sons, so he divorced her to marry again. Pope wont grant him a divorce, so Henry the 8th decides he is head of the church and forms the Church of England (Anglican). |
|
|
History Surrounding the Westminster Confession of Faith |
o Puritans want pure worship in early 1600’s . They are excited about the scotish king, but he does not live up to expectations, so they move to America. |
|
|
Moravians |
o Moravians ~ Where did they come from. 1700’s . Zinzendorf. Descendants of Hussites. Bohemian, Chezk republic. Beginning of missionary movement, greatest missions per capita. Great in music and worship, brought Gospel to this country. |
