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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Why study church history?
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1. Becuase of Satan's attacks through various heresies.
2. How the church has responded to heresies 3. Pattern of history - repeating itself. |
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Lessons to learn?
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1. An individual can make a big difference.
2. Wisdom in counsel. 3. Sometimes the most orthodox of church fathers err. 4. Closeness to the time of the Bible's writing doesn't mean more authority. |
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Apostolic Fathers
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Generations immediatly following the apostles: Polycarp, Clement of Rome, Ignatius.
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Patristic Era
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(up tot the 8th century) They were used to codify the lingieage of faith. Refuted baptismal regeneration. By this point, there were plenty of errers
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Catholic
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means universal.
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Heterodox
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Means wrong, not heretical. eg: pedo vs. credo baptism.
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Schism/schismatic
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Division. Satan has tried to divide the church.
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Apostasy
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The abandonment of a correct doctrine that you had held to as true.
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Nature of the day that helped the Gospel spread?
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1. Greek was the common tongue
2. Alexendar's conquest 4. What was the pax romana and how did that help? (peace of rome) and this facilitated travel 5. All roads lead to Rome (about 200 year period) 6. Common economy |
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Most influential philosophical people/ideas?
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Plato (327-347BC)
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Epecurionism
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1. No afterlife, 2. wise discern between natural and unnatural, 3. everything was material, 4. self-controled heidonism.
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Epicurion Paradox: God either wants to remove evil but cant', he can but doesn't want to, he neither wants to and neither can, he wants to remove evil and can - Athiests to try to argue one of these points.
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Religious groups during Jesus' day?
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Pharisees, Saducees, Zealots, Essenes, God fearers, Hellenists, Sanhedrin
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Pharisees
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the law and following it to the tee.
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Saducees
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only the tora, no resurrection, no spiritual realm. They were the liberals of the day
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Zealots
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Those desiring strong earthy Jewish rule and sought freed from Roman rule.
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Essenes
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they were the seperatists and they gave us the dead sea scrolls.
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God Fearers
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entiles, who would not be uncircumside, and believed in God. We not allowed inner temple worship - Cornelious was one.
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Hellenists
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Exiled, Jewish Christians who had taken on other cultures.
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Sanhedrin
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Jewish leader/court of the day.
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Gospel transition from Jerusalem to the world?
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1. Acts 6 - what was the tension?
2. Acts 7 - stoning of stephen 3. Acts 8 - Saul's converstion 4. James the just was assumed to take over at Jerusalem, wrote the book of James, half brother of Christ, brought the counsel of Jerusalem together. |
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Clement of Rome
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Companion of Paul, 1st letter to the corinthians was written 30 yrs after paul and concerning the same thing that Paul wrote to them about. About 95 AD, clement's book written.
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Ignatious of Antioch
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(ca. 35 or 50-between 98 and 117)[1] was among the Apostolic Fathers, was the third Bishop of Antioch, and was a student of John the Apostle.[2][3] En route to his martyrdom in Rome, Ignatius wrote a series of letters which have been preserved as an example of very early Christian theology. Important topics addressed in these letters include ecclesiology, the sacraments, and the role of bishops.
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Didachi
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Earliest known instructions for church (95-100) 1. Refers to Sunday worship.
Teaching how we should behave and maintai |
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Justin Martyr
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2nd Century appologist.
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Distinctives of early church worship service?
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teaching and the sacrements.
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Catuchumens
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believers in their hearts and received the doctrines, but were the people being taught the details of the faith before they were baptized.
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Gnosticism (greatest heresy of the 2nd century)
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• Extra knowledge, insght into the wisdom of God
• Physical world was evil - by the god, demiurge and the OT was bad • spiritual was the good • Salvation for them was: salvation through knowledge to a select few |
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Scripture refutations for gnosticism?
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1 John 1:1-4; 4:2
Col. 2:2; 1:17 |
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How do Gnostics and docitists compare?
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• All gnostics were docistists but not all docitsists were gnostics.
Docistists: they denied Christ's humanity, it just seemed flesh |
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Ireanus
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2 main arguments against Gnostics: Against Heresy 1) a great number of sects, but no one's knowledge agreed. If the special knowledge was given to the Apostles, then their churches would have this knowledge too since the Apostles would have it.
His views of Apostolic Succession |
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Regulative or the Rule of Faith
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Romans 10:9-10
1 Cor. Credo (I believe) which we get creed from The creeds all attacked and rebutted heresies |
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Montantists
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1) Present day Pentecostal
2) Moral Practice: more holy than others, set apart, 3) Big into fasting, dried fruit, Dangers: Added prophecy - Maximilla "When I die, prophecy will be no more." |
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Two major cities in Africa during the early church?
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Alexandria and Carthage
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Clement of Alexandria
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Teacher of Origon (who melded philosophy and Scripture)
The Tutor, the Carpet Bags, First Things (Exhortation to the Greeks) Refered to the 10 Commandments in the same numbering as us Wrote much on views about sex |
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Hosius of Cordova
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257-357
Spiritual advisor of Constantine, help make Sunday a national day of rest and worship. |
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Byzantine Empire
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Eastern Empire of Rome after the West collapsed in 410.
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Donatism
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(died 355)
Rival bishop in NW Aftrica of Caecilian and claimed to be the true catholic church. |
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Constantius
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Emporer, ruled both E and W, 337-361)
Forbade all pagan sacrifices, etc. |
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The Council of Nicaea
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(325) Organized by Constantine
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Eusebius of Caesarea
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(263-339)
Constantine's friend, known as the "father of church history" |
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Julian
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(Emperor in 361, attacked Xianity and favored Neoplatonism.
"Julian the Apostate" BOOK: Against the Galileans (attacked Xianity) |
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Theodosius I
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(379-95)
Xianity became an irresistible social force. He issued anti-pagan editcs, closed all pagan temples. |
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View of church and state and their relationship during the 3rd and 4th Centuries?
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"The Empire rules in all earthly, civil, political matters; but the church is its own master in all matters of Christian doctrine and discipline.
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Ambrose of Milan
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(339-97)
Bishop of Milan Famed preacher Resolute enemy of Arianism Pioneer hymn writer. Possibly wrote: Te deum |
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Major changes in the church under Constantine and Teodosius were...
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theology, orgnisation, worship, and life of the church.
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Metropolitan bishop
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metropolis = mother city. or archbishop
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Ecumenical Council
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assembly of bishops from the Empire
5th Century on, Ecumenical council decisions regarded as inspirired by the HS Ecumenical = inhabited earth |
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1st 2 times the Ecumenical Council met was ............ and when............ and over what?
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1: Council of Nicaea in 325
2: Council of Constantinople in 381 |
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re Worship: in the 4th century, the focus was....
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the liturgy
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Christmas came from...
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Saturnalia, sun-worship.
Gregory of Nazianzus (379) made Dec. 25 the day. |
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Cyril of Jerusalem
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(310-86)
Increased ceremonies BOOK: Catechetical Lectures (explained 4th century understanding of baptism = bath of regeneration) |
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Invocare
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X'tians asking the saints to pray for them, not praying to the saints.
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Epiphanius of Salamis
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(315-403)
Opposed use of icons BOOK: Medicine Chest for the Cure of All Heresies (greatest, 4thC source about non-catholic groups. |
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Type 1 of Monasticism
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hermits (or anchorites) = living alone (eremitic monasticism.
KEY FIGURE: Antony (251-356) |
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Type 2 of Monasticism
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Cenobitic Monasticism = common life in a monastary
KEY FIGURE: Pachomius (290-346) |
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Type 3 of Monasticism
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Skete monasticism (skete region of Egypt) = small group, up to 12, living with a "mentor" monk and meet other sketes for Sun. worship.
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Negative that came from monasticism was...
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over time, requirement of celibacy for priests.
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Desert Fathers
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Early monks and had writings.
WORKS: Saying of the Fathers KEY FIGURE: Evagrius Ponticus (345-99) |
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Cassiodorus
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(477-570)
WORKS: Introduction to Theological and Secular Studies |
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Greatest theological controversy in the history of Christianity was?
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Arianism.
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Arius
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(256-336)
TEACHING: Father alone was God, Jesus was the greatest and first created being and all creation related to God through the Son. -Opposed by his bishop (Alexander) -Not aggreed with Origen's degrees of divinity |
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Arianism would be seen in what religion today?
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Jehovah's Witnesses
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Lucian of Antioch
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(martyr in 312)
Taught Arius. Believed that the Father and Son were equal. |
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Anathema
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"give over"
Worse than excommunication then. |
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During the Arian Controversy, three main sides at first:
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Arian: the Son was a created being
Nicene Party: Son was equal with the Father in His divine nature Origenist Party: (majority at this time, esp. in the East) Son was not created, but inferior to the Father |
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Athanasius
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(296-373)
Bishop of Alexandria Champion of Nicene Theology in the East Greatest and most influential thinker in the church at that time WORKS: The Incarnation of the Logos, Orations against the Arians, and his Letters of Serapion. Exiled 10 times. |
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Eusebius of Nicomedia
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(died 342)
Arian's leader after Arian Helped exile Athanasius Increased establishment of Arianism |
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Council of Nicaea, key difference between Nicenes and Orginists?
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Nicenes: Homo (same) - ousios (essence)
Origenst: Homoi (similar) - ousios (essence) |
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Hilary of Poitiers
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(315-68)
Bishop from Western France WORKS: treatise "On the Trinity" Sometimes refered to as the Athinasius of the West. |
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Two new eloquent spokesmen for Arianism?
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Aetius (died 370)
Eunomius (died 394) |
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Cappadocian fathers
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New generation of Nicene theologians:
1: Basil of Caesarea (330-79) 2: Gregory of Nyssa (335-94) 3: Gregory of Nazianzus (330-90) |
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Basil of Caesarea
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(330-79)
WORKS: (treatise) On the Holy Spirit Effective preacher, organiser and administrator |
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Gregory of Nazianzus
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(370ish)
WORKS: Five Theological Orations (brilliant summary of the Nicene doctrine of the Trinity) It won many over to the faith. "Gregory the Theologian" |
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Gregory of Nyssa
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(from 371)
WORKS: Against Eunomius, his Sermon on the Holy Spirit against the Spirit-fighting Macedonians, and his Letter to the Ablabius that there are not Three Gods. Liked Origen, but did not believe in his universalism. |
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Philokalia (Love of the Good)
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WORK: produced by Basil and Gregory of Nazianzus, anthology of Origen's writings in 358.
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OUSIA =
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The one nature, being or essence of God which Father and Son share fully and equally, making them one God.
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HYPOSTASIS =
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The particular and distinct form in which the divine nature exists in Father and Son, making them two distinct persons.
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Cappadocian formula for the Trinity =
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God is three hypostases in one ousia.
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Council at Constantinople
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381
Summoned by Emperor Theodosius as final blow to Arianism. WORKS FROM IT: Nicene Creed |
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Golden Age of the Early Church Fathers
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4th and 5th Centuries
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John Chrysostom
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(344-407)
KEY FACTS: great preacher, names means "golden mouth", interpeted Scripture gramatico-historical (the Antiochian method), became patriarch of Constantinople, had enemies from the rich (Eudoxia and main one, Theopilus "patriach of Alenxandria). WORKS: On the Priesthood (about the ministry) |
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Jerome (the Scholar)
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(347-420)
KEY FACTS: 1) Most accomplished scholar of his time, 2) knew Hebrew, 3) exposed the Apocrypha as non inspired and not part of Scripture, 4) won many aristocratice to monasticism, 5) famous nun - Paula, worked under him WORKS: the Vulgate (latin = common, translation of the Bible) |
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Augustine of Hippo (theologian)
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(354-430)
KEY INFO: 1) Joined the Gnostics, then the Manichees, then Neo-platonism during which he learned under Ambrose of Milan, 2) key passage in conversion Rom. 13:13-14, 3) had a son, Adeoadatus, 4) 34 years as bishop of Hippo, 5) strongly defended unity of the church, 6) WORKS: 1) Confessions, 2) On Nature and Grace, 3) On the Grace of Christ and Original Sin, 4) On the Spirit and the Letter, 5) On the Trinity, 6) City of God CONTROVERSIES: Involved in where Donatism and Pelagianism |
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Augustine key works and a snyopse of each?
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1) Confessions - His early life and pilgrimage to faith in Christ.
2) On the Trinity - attempt to explore the mystery of the Trinity. 3) City of God - the world was of man, and the church had both wheat and tares but that the destination of the two would be complete at the return of Christ. |
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Pelagius
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(383-417)
KEY INFO: British monk, high essetic ideals of monkish life WORKS: HERESY: Man born good. GRACE WAS: 1) God's gift of natural free-will, 2) God's gift of moral law and example of Christ and strong incentives for such character. |
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Pelagianism
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Taught that all born into the world sinless as Adam pre-fall. Grace was - moral law, example of Christ, persuasive power of rewards and punishments. Human will became the chief source of salvation. Fought against by Augustine and condemned as heresy at the Council of Ephesus in 431
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Council of Ephesus
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431 - Condemned pelagianism as a heresy
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Julian of Eclanum
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(380-455)
KEY INFO: Key writer and most influential thinker for Pelagianism. |
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Semi-pelagians
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KEY MEN: Faustus or Reiz (died 490), Vincent of Lerins (died b4 450)
KEY BELIEF: All men where fallen from Adam's sin, but at least they had to cry out - they had to reach out for the life saver. |
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Synergism
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Greek = working together. The idea behind semi-leagians (or semi-Augustinians)
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Important Augustian proponents
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Prosper of Aquitaine (390-463)
Fulgentius of Ruspe (463-533) Avitus of Vienne (490-519) Caesarius of Arles (470-543) |
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Error of Augustine that the reformers set free?
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liberated God's grace from the confines of the church.
"the triumph of Augustine's doctrine of grace over Augustine's doctrine of the Church." |
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Christology
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The issue of the relationship between the divin and the human within the person of Christ.
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Antiochenes
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In the East, they emphasized the literal meaning of the text - focused on Christ's humanity at the loss of His divinity.
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Alexandrians
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In the West, they stressed its deeper allegorical meaning - focused on Christ's divine nature at the loss of his humanity.
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Antiochene thinkers?
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1) Diodore of Tarsus (died 394)
2) Theodore of Mopsuestia (350-428) 3) Ibas of Edessa (died 457) 4) Nestorius (381-451) 5) Theodoret of Cyrrhus (393-458) |
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Alexandrian thinkers?
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1) Apollinarius (300-390)
2) Didymus the Blind (died 398) 3) Cyrile of Alexandria (died 444) 4) Eutychus (378-454) |
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Apolinarianism
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Taught that Christ did no have a human mind or spirit and believe that the human mind was the source of all human weakness. His thinking so extreme it started to cause the Alexandrians to rethink divine-human relationship within Christ.
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Nestorius
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Believed Christotokos, instead of theotokos, that "birth-giver of Christ." Spoke about Jesus as a man with the divine joined to him.
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Theotokos
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Greek for - the birth-giver of God
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Cyril
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1) Enemy of Nestorius
2) Most influential of all the Alexandrians WORKS: Concerning Worship in Spirit and Truth, Dialogues on the Trinity, Five Books Refuting the Blasphemies of Nestorius |
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Physis:
Hypostasis: |
1) nature, not person
2) person, not nature |
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Council of Ephesus
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3rd recognized ecumenical council
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Nestorianism
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separated the divine from the human in Christ, making His human nature into an independent person.
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Council of Chalcedon
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(451)
Summoned by Marcian (new emperor) 400+ bishops WORK PUBLISHED: the Creed, Formula or Definition of Chalcedon. It combined the theology of Alexandria and Antioch. It defined what physis and hypostasis meant. |
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2nd Council of Ephesus
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"Synod of Robbers"
449 Favored Alexandrian views and enforced them in a violent manner |
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New Orthodoxy after the Council of Chalcedon consisted of:
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1) Creed of Chalcedon
2) The Creed of Nicaea (325) 3) the Nicene Creed (381) 4) 2 letters by Cyril of Alexandria 5) Leo's Tome - the doctrinal statement which the pope ishued. |
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Key item that the series of Canons taught from the Council of Chalcedon?
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Rome was the capital not because of apostolic succession but because it had been a major city - now the new cities also took equal status with that of Rome.
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Monophysite
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Churches that did not adhear to the new creed. monos = one and physis = nature.
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Ephrem the Syrian
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(died 373)
Wrote in Syriac rather than Greek, outstanding theologian and commentator and poet and hymnwriter. |
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Isaac of Ninevah
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(died 700)
Wrote much on mysticism and the ascetic life. He was a despised Nestorian heretic. |
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