Chs Ap Us History Chapter 9 Due Monday (Illness)

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disestablished

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to separate an official state church from its connection with the government

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Society of the Cincinnati

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Exclusive hereditary order formed by Continental Army officers; ridiculed by most Americans

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following the Revolution, all states disestablished the this church, though some New England states maintained established Congregational Churches well into the 19th century

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Anglican Church

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Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

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measure enacted by the Virginia legislature prohibiting state support for religious institutions and recognizing freedom of worship; served as a model for the religion clause of the first amendment to the COnstitution

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civic virtue

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the notion that democracy depended on the unselfish commitment of each citizen to the public good

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republican motherhood

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ideal of family organization and female behavior after the American Revolution that stressed the role of women in guiding family members toward republican virtue

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Articles of Confederation

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First American constitution that established the United States as a loose confederation of states under weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes. The Articles were replaced by a more efficient Constitution in 1789

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Old Northwest

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Territories acquired by the federal government from the states, encompassing land northwest of the Ohio River, East of the Mississippi River, and south of the Great Lakes. The well-organized management and sale of the land in the territories under the land ordinances of 1785 and 1787 established a precedent for handling future land acquisitions.

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Land Ordinance of 1785

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Providing for the sale of land in the Old Northwest and earmarked the proceeds toward repaying the national debt

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Northwest Ordinance

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Created a policy for administering the Northwest Territories. It included a path to a statehood and forbade the expansion of slavery into the territories.

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Shay's Rebellion

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Armed uprising of western Massachusetts debtors seeking lower taxes and an end to property foreclosures. Though quickly put down, the insurrection inspired fears of "mob rule" among leading Revolutionaries

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Virginia Plan

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"Large state" proposal for a new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.

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New Jersey Plan

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"Small-state plan" put forth at the Philadelphia convention, proposing equal representation by state, regardless of population, in a unicameral legislature. Small states feared that the more populous states would dominate the agenda under a proportional system.

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Great Comprimise

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Popular term for the measure which reconciled the New Jersey and Virginia plans at the constitutional convention, giving states proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate. The compromise broke the stalemate at the convention and paved the way for subsequent compromises over slavery and the Electoral College

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Common Law

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Laws that originate from court rulings and customs, as opposed to legislative statutes. The United States Constitution grew out of the Anglo-American common law tradition and thus provided only a general organizational framework for the new federal government

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Civil Law

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Body of written law enacted through legislative statutes or constitutional provisions. In countries where civil law prevails, judges must apply the statutes precisely as written.

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three-fifths compromise

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Determined that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation. The compromise granted disproportionate political power to Southern slave states.

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antifederalists

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opponents of the Constitution, they cast the document as antidemocratic, objected to the subordination of the states to the central government, and feared encroachment on individuals' liberties in the absence of a bill of rights

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federalists

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Proponents of the 1787 Constitution, they favored a strong national government, arguing that the checks and balances in the new Constitution would safe-guard the people's liberties.

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The Federalist

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Collection of essays written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton and published during the ratification debate in New York to lay out the Federalists' arguments in favor of the new Constitution. Since their publication, these influential essays have served as an important source for constitutional interpretation.

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John Adams

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America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

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Daniel Shays

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leader of Shays's rebellion, was disgruntled over getting farmland mortgages; was convicted but later pardoned

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Patrick Henry

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champion of states' rights, chosen as a delegate of Virginia to Congress but declined

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James Madison

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father of the constitution; leading federalist; author of the Bill of Rights; 4th President and President during the war of 1812.

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Relationship between US and Britain

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Britain trying to keep some control - kept Navigation laws, closed trade with U.S. They control land in the North (Canada) try to annex Vermont, they keep several military posts in U.S.

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Relationship between US and Spain

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Spain closed the Mississippi River to American trade and claimed land near the Gulf of Mexico that had been given to U.S. by British

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Constitutional Convention 1787

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A meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution

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US Constitution

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"The supreme law of the land." Written in 1787 at the constitutional convention in Philadelphia and ratified in 1788. It has been amended 27 times. The first 10 is the Bill of Rights.

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Ratification

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Formal approval of a constitution, constitutional amendment, or treaty

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Alexander Hamilton

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High political leader; New Yorker who saved the Constitutional Convention from complete failure.