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31 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
what is a loci
a particular location that a gene is located on a chromosome.
What are the sex chromosomes
the X and Y. Females have XX and males have XY
what is a gene
a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA
what is an allele
any of the alternate versions of a gene that produce distinguishable phenotypic effect
what is a diploid cell
a cell containing two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent
what is a haploid cell
a cell containing only one set of chromosomes
what is a dominant allele
an allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote
what is a recessive allele
an allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote
what is complete dominance
the situation in which the phenotype of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable
what is codominance
the situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways
what is incomplete dominance
the situation in which the phenotype of the heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele
what is the genotype
the genetic makeup or set of alleles of an organism
what is a phenotype
the physical and physiological traits of an organism which are determined by the genetic makeup
define homozygous
having two identical alleles for a given gene
define heterozygous
having two different alleles for a given gene
what are somatic cells
any cell in a muticellular organism except a sperm of an egg cell
what are sex cells
the sperm and egg cell
what is an autosome
a chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex; not a sex chromosome
what is a karyotype
a display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape
what is a monohybrid cross
an organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents homozygous for different alleles are monohybrids. For example parents of the genotype AA and aa produce a monohybrid of genotype Aa
what is a dihybrid cross
an organism that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents doubly homozygous for different alleles are dihybrids. Example, parents of AABB and aabb produce a dihybrid of AaBb
what is a punnett square
a diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the predicted results of random fertilization in genetic crosses
What is a Barr Body
a dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in cells of female mammals, representing a highly condensed inactivated X chromosome
what is a pedigree
a diagram of a family tree showing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring over multiple generations
what is nondisjunction
an error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly from each other
what is translocation
an aberration in chromosome structure resulting from attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome
what is a restriction enzyme
an endonuclease ( type of enzyme) that recoginzes and cuts DNA molecules foreign to a bacterium. The enzyme cuts at specific nucleotide sequences
what is an antigen
a macromolecule that elicits an immune responce by binding to receptors of B cells or T cells
what is an antibody
a protein secreted by plasma cells that bind to a particular antigen
what is restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
A single polyporphism that exits in the restriction site for a particular enzyme, thus making the site unrecognizable by that enzyme and changing the lengths of the restriction fragments formed by digestion with that enzyme. A RFLP can be in coding or encoding DNA.
what is the phenotypic and genotypic ratio for FfTt x FfTt
phenotype: 9:3:3:1
Genotype: 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1