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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In eukaryotic cells genetic information is carried on what? |
Chromosomes |
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Eukaryotic chromosomes are located on what organelle ? |
Nucleus |
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What are the two main parts of chromosomes? |
1.Tightly coiled loops of DNA 2. Histone proteins |
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True or False: Members of the same species don't have the same number of chromosomes? |
False, members of the same species have the same number of chromosomes, but differ from one specie to the next |
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What are homologous chromosomes? |
One chromosome from each parent. (one father and one mother) |
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How many chromosomes do we have, and how many homologous pairs do we have? |
46 chromosomes, and 23 homologous pairs |
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What are the two main types of multi cell eukaryotic organisms? |
1. Somatic cells 2. Germ cells |
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Somatic cells are cells in the body that ________ to reproductive cells ? |
Do not give rise
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Somatic cells divide by a process called? |
Mitosis |
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Germ cells ________ to gametes? |
Give rise |
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Germ cells are ________ in females? |
Oocytes |
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Germ cells are _______ in males? |
Spermatocytes |
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Germ cells divide by a process called? |
Meiosis |
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True or False: Gametes do not occur in homologous pairs? |
True; number of chromosomes is halved |
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Prokaryotic cells do not have true chromosomes only______? |
Single coiled strand of DNA |
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Do prokaryotic cells have histone proteins? |
No |
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Genetic information itself is carried on? |
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
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What are the functions of DNA? |
Storage of genetic information Replication Expression Mutation |
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Explain storage of genetic information in terms of the functions of DNA? |
DNA is the blueprint for synthesis of thousand of inheritable genetic traits |
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Explain replication in terms of the functions of DNA? |
DNA can make exact copies of itself to be passed on from mother to daughter cells. |
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Explain expression in terms of the functions of DNA? |
DNA directs synthesis of thousands of proteins in every cell in the body |
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Explain mutation in terms of the functions of DNA? |
Occasional errors in replication or changes in in the DNA sequence brought about by heat, chemicals, or radiation in the environment |
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Changes in in the DNA sequence brought about by heat, chemicals, or radiation in the environment provide? |
Genetic variability |
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DNA is the ______ of genetic heredity? |
Fundamental unit |
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True or False: Protein synthesis is not essential to life itself? |
False, protein synthesis is essential to life itself |
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Each DNA molecule consists of? |
Two long strands of nucleotides twisted around each other |
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What do these nucleotide chains form? |
A double helix |
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Nucleotides are the ______ of DNA? |
Building blocks |
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What are the three parts of a DNA nucleotide? |
1. Deoxyribose 2. Phosphate 3. Base |
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Explain what deoxyribose is in terms of a DNA nucleotide?
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Deoxygenated five carbon sugar, ribose, arranged into a pentagonal ring structure |
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Explain what phosphate is in terms of a DNA nucleotide? |
PO4 group attached to the 5' carbon of the deoxyribose sugar |
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Explain what a base is in terms of a DNA nucleotide? |
Each DNA nucleotide has one of four nitrogen- containing bases, attached to the 1' carbon of deoxyribose |
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What are the four nitrogenous bases? |
1. Adenine 2. Cytosine 3. Guanine 4. Thymine |
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What is the one thing that is identical in the bases?
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Having sugar-phosphates |
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What distinguishes one nucleotide from another? |
The base |
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A nucleotide chain is formed when? |
Phosphate on the 5' carbon of one sugar bonds with the -OH group on the 3' carbon of another sugar |
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True or False: The nucleotide has a specific direction? |
True, the nucleotide chain has a free phosphate group and is called the 5' end, the other end is called the 3' end |
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Why is the 5' referred to as the 5 end? |
The phosphate is attached to the 5' carbon of the first sugar chain |
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Why is the 3' end referred to as the 3 end? |
The free 3' carbon on the last sugar |
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Double stranded nucleotide chain are held together by? |
Hydrogen bonds between the bases |
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James Watson and Francis Crick? |
Watson and Crick model of DNA |
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What did the Watson and Crick model demonstrated? |
DNA is a double helix |
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Crystallography studies of DNA structure were made by? |
Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin |
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Nucleotide chains run side by side, but are? |
Antiparallel to each other, meaning they run in opposite directions, one runs 5' to 3' and the other runs 3' to 5' |
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Sugar-phosphate backbones form? |
The outside of the helix |
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True or False: Bonding between the bases is never complimentary? |
False, bonding is always complementary, adenine always bonds to thymine, and cytosine always bond to guanine in any order |
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Hydrogen bonds are weak compared to? |
Covalent bonds holding together the sugar-phosphate backbones |
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When the two nucleotide strands of DNA separate for replication, each strand serves as a? |
Template, on to which a new complementary strand is assembled |
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DNA replication follows what kind of replication? |
Semiconservative replication |
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Who demonstrated semiconservative replication? |
Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl |
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DNA molecules each have half of ______? |
The original molecule |
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Initiation occurs when ? |
A protein (DNA B) recognizes and binds to the initiation site. |
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What does helicase do? |
Displaces DNA B and unwinds and unzips the double helix |
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Where does helicase get the energy to break hydrogen bonds? |
From ATP hydrolysis |
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The separating DNA strands are referred to as? |
The replication fork |
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True or False: Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds? |
True |
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What do single strand binding proteins do? |
Hold two halves of the replication fork apart to prevent the two strand from rebinding. |
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When does replication itself actually begin? |
When enzyme RNA primase lays down a short segment of RNA primer, alongside the parent strand |
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What does DNA polymerase III take over from? |
RNA primase |
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What does DNA polymerase III do? |
Links free nucleotides to the RNA primer as they line up along the parent strand |
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True or False: DNA polymerase III can link nucleotides on in the 3' to 5' direction? |
False, DNA polymerase can only link nucleotides in the 5' to 3' direction |
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The complementary daughter strand continuously running in the 5' to 3' direction is referred to as? |
The leading daughter strand |
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The complementary daughter strand assembled in discontinuously running in the 5' to 3' direction is referred to as? |
The lagging daughter strand |
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The short fragments of the lagging daughter strand are called? |
Okazaki fragments |
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Reiji Okazaki discovered? |
Directionality of replication |
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When DNA polymerase III reaches the RNA primer, what happens? |
Replication of that section of the lagging daughter strand is achieved |
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True or False: When DNA polymerase III detaches from the daughter strand DNA polymerase I takes it place? |
True |
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What completes the replication of the lagging daughter strand? |
DNA ligase |
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How does DNA ligase complete the process of replication? |
By patching together and sealing the pieces of the lagging daughter strand. |
