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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a plant tissue? |
A group of cells made of one or more cell types that have a specialized functions |
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What is a plant organ |
Several types of tissues that have a particular function |
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What do roots rely on |
The sugar made by photosynthesis in the root system |
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What do shoots rely on |
Water from the root system |
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What are three basic functions of the roots |
Absorb water and minerals, anchors the plant, and stores carbs |
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What is a taproot |
Main vertical root |
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What is a lateral root |
Branch routes from the tap root |
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What is the function of root hairs |
Absorb water and minerals and increase the surface area of the roots |
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What is a stem? And what is it made of |
Nodes and internodes |
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What is a node |
The point where leaves are attached to the stem |
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What is an axillary bud |
Potential to form a lateral shoot or branch |
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What is an apical bud |
The terminal bud near the shoot tip that causes elongation |
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What is apical dominance |
Maintains dormancy in most axillary buds like bulbs |
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What is a leaf |
Photosynthetic organ |
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What are the two parts of leaves |
The blade which is flat and the petiole or a stock that joins the leaf to a node |
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What are the three major types of tissues in the plants |
Vascular dermal and ground |
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What makes up the dermal tissue in non woody plants |
Epidermis |
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What is a cuticle |
Waxy covering that prevents water loss from the epidermis |
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What is the periderm |
The epidermis of woody plants; older regions of stems and roots |
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What are trichomes |
Outgrowth of the shoot epidermis aid insect defense |
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What is the function of the vascular tissue |
The long distance transport between roots and shoots |
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What are the two parts of the vascular tissue systems |
Xylem moves water from roots to shoots Phloem moves nutrients like sugars |
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What is the stele? |
Vascular tissue of the stem or root |
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What is pith? |
Ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue |
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What is the cortex |
Ground tissue external to vascular tissues |
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What are parenchyma cells |
Least specialized almost like stem cells thin and flexible primary walls lack secondary walls retain ability to divide and differentiate |
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What are collenchyma cells |
Grouped in strands thicker and uneven cell walls no secondary cell walls flexible but allow growth |
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What are sclerenchyma cells |
Rigid with thick secondary walls dead at functional maturity have two types sclereids and fibers |
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What does xylem conduct and is it active or passive transport |
Xylem conducts water through passive transport |
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What are the two cell types of xylem |
Tracheids and vessel elements |
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Are cells of xylem dead or alive and functional maturity |
Dead |
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What what are the two types of phloem cells |
Sieve tube elements and sieve plates |
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Are phloem cells dead or alive at functional maturity |
Alive |
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What is the function of sieve plates |
Let fluid flow bn cells along sieve tubes |
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What is a companion cell? |
Nucleus and ribosomes serves both cells |
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What is indeterminate growth |
The plant growing throughout its life |
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What is determinate growth |
Some organs that stop growing at a certain size |
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What are meristems |
Perpetually embryonic tissue that allow for indeterminate growth |
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What are Apical meristems |
At the tips of roots and shoots (axillary bud of shoots) |
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What is primary growth |
Process of Apical meristems elongation roots and shoots |
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What are lateral meristems |
Add thickness to woody plants called secondary growth |
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What are the two types of lateral meristems |
Vascular Cambium and cork cambium |
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What is vascular cambium |
Adds layers of vascular tissues called secondary xylem and phloem |
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What is cork cambium |
Replaces epidermis with periderm |
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What are initials (of meristems) |
Stem cells that stay in the meristems |
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What are derivatives of meristems |
Become specialized in mature tissue |
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What is an annual life cycle |
1 year or less |
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What is a biennial lifecycle |
Two growing seasons |
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What is a perennial |
Live for many yrs |
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What is a root cap? |
Protects Apical meristem as root pushes thru dirt |
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What type of cell mostly makes the ground tissue |
Parenchyma |
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What is the endodermis |
Innermost layer of cortex |
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What is a pericycle |
Lateral roots arise within and outermost cells layer vascular cylinder |
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What is leaf primordia |
Where roots develop along the side of the Apical meristem |
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How do lateral shoots develop |
From axillary buds on stem surface |
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what kind of cells are dead at maturity? What are the two types of this cell called? |
xylem; tracheids and vessel elements |
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What are examples of lateral meristems? |
vascular and cork cambium |
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Are vascular bundles of monocots in bundles? |
No |
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If a plant cell expands, what is causing the change? |
water uptake |
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what does heartwood consist of? |
secondary xylem |
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What do plant cells have in their walls that isn't affected by osmosis? |
Aquaporins |
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What are locations of non-growth of the shoot system? |
internodes |
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Do guard cells protect a plant from infection? |
no |
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Do guard cell control water uptake in the roots? |
no |
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What is the region where plant cells are dividing? |
meristem |
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What is the layer that covers the apical meristem in the root? |
root cap |
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Wood is mainly made of what tissue? |
secondary xylem |
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What is a symplast? |
Continuum of the cytoplasm |
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If a cell is placed in a solution with high water potential, what would happen to the cell? |
The cell would become turgid |
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What is an apoplast? |
Continuum of cell wall |
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Where do lateral roots start cell division? |
the pericycle |
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What directly controls turgor pressure that opens and closes the stomata? |
the flow of potassium ions |
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In what conditions would a plant transpire the most? |
dry (arid) |
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Why is a plant fogging up a glass bowl with water droplets? |
transpiration |
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The swelling (nodes) on the roots of legumes is called what? |
nitrogen-fixing bacteria |
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A leaf is deficient in what if there is yellowing on the outside of the leaf? |
magnesium (***???um potassium?) |
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What is phtyoremediation? |
process of reclaiming contaminated areas |
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If you put a nail in a tree how will time change the position of the nail? |
The nail will disappear into the truck but would stay at the same height |
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What is a plant deficient in if the edges of the plant are purple? |
Phosphorus |
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What is a plant deficient in if the leaf in a yellowish-brown in the center and at the tip? |
nitrogen |
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What is sapwood? |
outer layers of a tree or woody shrub that transport water etc through the xylem |
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what is mesophyll? |
ground tissue in leaves between the upper and lower epidermis |
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What are the two tissues of cork cambium? |
phelloderm and cork |
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What are lenticels? |
in the periderm; allow for gas exchange between living stem/root cell and outside air |
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What does water potential measure? |
the effects of solute concentration and pressure on water |
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What is solute potential? |
proportional to the number of solute molecules |
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What is pressure potential? |
physical pressure on a solution |
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What does adding solute do to its water potential? |
lowers water potential |
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What does adding pressure do to its water potential? |
increases water potential |
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What does negative pressure do to its water potential? |
lowers water potential |
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What are the three main compartments of vacuolated plant cells? |
xylem and phloem plasma membrane vacuoles |
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Where does most absorption of water occur? |
root tips |
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what are xerophytes? |
plants for dry climates |
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What is a sugar source? |
plant organ that is a net maker of sugar (leaves) |
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What is translocation? |
transport of organic nutrients in plants |
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What is phloem sap? |
an aqueous solution made mostly of sucrose |
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what is a sugar sink? |
organ that is a net consumer/storer of sugar |
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What drives the movement of sap? |
positive pressure |
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What are macronutrients? |
9 essential elements plants need in large amounts |
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What is the texture of soil? |
it's general structure |
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What is the composition of soil? |
the soil's inorganic and organic chemical components |
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What is the role of acids in roots? |
help in the uptake of minerals |
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What is nitrogen fixing bacteria? |
converts atmospheric nitrogen to nitrogenous minerals for plants |
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What are swellings on roots (legumes)? |
nodules |
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What are bacteroids (think Rhizobium bacteria)? |
made by roots cells and contained in vesicles within that cell |
