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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is specific immunity?
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the ability to recognize and defend against pathogens
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What is an antigen?
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a foreign substance that triggers a specific immune response; an antibody generator
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What is another name for specific immunity?
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acquired immunity
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Can you acquire specific immunity naturally?
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yes via infection
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Can you acquire specific immunity artificially?
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yes via vaccination
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What is an example of an antigen?
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bacteria, bacterial component, virus, parasite
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What is an epitope?
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the small part of an antigen that stimulates a specific immune response
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What is an antibody?
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aka immunoglobulins; a protein that binds to a specific antigen and tags antigen for destruction by the immune system
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What does the lymphatic system contain? What does it do?
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includes lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic organs/ tissues; it screens for antigens
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What are the lymphatic vessels?
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a oneway system back to the heart; returns leaked fluid to the circulatory system
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What are the lymph nodes?
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hundreds located throughout the body; clusters at portals of entry; receive lymph from the lymphatic vessels; cells in lymph screen the lymph for antigens- if found, a specific immune response is triggered
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What are the lymphatic organs/tissue? What do they do?
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spleen filters blood and removes pathogens; tonsils, Peyer's patches, appendix, MALT (mucosal associated lymph tissue)....they all trap pathogens
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What makes up the Humoral Immunity?
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B cells and antibodies
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What is humoral immunity?
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deals with exogenous pathogens (outside your cell)
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How are B cells reproduced?
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long answerrrr
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What are antibodies?
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aka immunoglobulins; are proteins; "Y" shaped; have 2 antigen binding sites- very specific
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What happens when an antibody binds to an antigen?
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-it can prevent viral attachment to the host cell
-a way we can neutralize bacterial toxins -can prevent bacterial attachment to cells/surfaces -do good job of binding pathogens together -restricts movement: increases phagocytosis- "eat me" sign |
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What are the different classes of antibodies?
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IgG
IgA IgM IgE IgD |
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What is IgM?
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1st antibody that is produced in response to the antigen
-very short lived -have to be early in the infection -5-10% of circulating antibodies |
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What is IgA?
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find in respiratory and GI tracts, colostrum, and breast milk
-tries to block attachment of the pathogen to mucosal surface -10-15% of circulating antibodies -important in resistance to GI infections in infants |
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What is IgD?
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acts as an antigen receptor on B cells
-0.2% of circulating antibodies |
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What is IgG?
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principle antibody
-produced 24-48 hours after antigen triggers a specific immune response -80% of circulating antibodies -main antibody in primary and secondary immune response -it crosses the placenta and protects the fetus |
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What is IgE?
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does allergic response; helps in lysis in helminths
-less than 0.1% of circulating antibodies |
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What is the primary response? What antibodies are used?
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1st time your immune system recognizes and responds to that antigen; IgG and IgM; memory cells stay behind
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What is the secondary response?
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2nd and any additional times you encounter the same antigen
-response is rapid due to memory cells -leave memory cells cells behind and usually IgG |
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What is cell-mediated immunity?
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used to eliminate infected, abnormal, or cancer cells; for if a pathogen goes inside our cell
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What does the cell-mediated immunity consist of?
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T-cells and antigen
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Where do the T-cells go after they are produced?
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go to thymus for schooling
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What are the 2 types of T-cells?
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1) Cytotoxic T-cells
2)Helper T-cells |
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What are Cytotoxic T-cells?
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have a T-cell receptor and CD-8 coreceptor on their surface; they recognize and eliminate infected, abnormal, or cancer cells
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What are Helper T-cells?
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have a T-cell receptor and a CD-4 coreceptor in their surface; help in humoral immunity and help cytotoxic T-cells
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What is the Major Histocompatibility Complex?
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aka MHC; are proteins embedded in membrane of your cells; many genes involved in production of MHC- MHC is unique (unless have an identical twin)
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What is Class 2 MHC? (MHC-II)
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-found on the surface of B cells. macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells
-macrophages, neutrophils. dendritic cells, and B cells are APC's -it folds and forms a pocket/ groove that an antigen (epitope) can bind to -APC's present antigen to CD-4 T-cells |
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What is Class 1 MHC? (MHC-I)
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-found on surface of all nucleated cells
-APC's have MHC-I and MHC-II -MHC-I folds and forms a pocket that an antigen can bind to |
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How does an inactive T-cell become active?
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long answerrrr
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What is active immunity?
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develops when the immune system recognizes and responds to an antigen and produces antibodies against the antigen; can take hours to days to develop
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Can you acquire active immunity naturally?
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yes via infection
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Can you acquire active immunity artificially?
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yes via vaccine
-antigen is in vaccine -you produce IgG and memory T and B cells -may need multiple shots |
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What is passive immunity?
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develops when antibody is produced by an outside source and injected into the body; immediate protection
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Can you acquire passive immunity naturally?
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yes via placenta or breast milk
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Can you acquire passive immunity artificially?
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yes via injection; antibody rich serum= gamma globulin
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What is a vaccination?
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a suspension of microorganisms that will induce immunity in a host
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What is the goal of vaccinations?
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get rid of all infectious disease
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What is a genetically engineered vaccine?
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it produces epitopes via genetic engineering
-pieces of capsids -must be able to identify epitope and produce in lab |
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What is an attenuated (weak) microbe?
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weak= can't cause disease
-epitope is still intact -weaken it using chemicals or heat |
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What is a toxoid vaccine?
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-toxoid= antigen
-attenuate toxin using chemicals or heat -YOU produce a response |
