Chpt 1

Front 1

effector response

Back 1

appropriate response of various cells/molecules to recognition of a foreign organism in order to neutralize or eliminate the pathogen.

Front 2

memory response

Back 2

secondary exposure to foreign organism; more rapid, heightened immune reaction to eliminate pathogen and prevent disease

Front 3

immunis

Back 3

exempt

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immunity

Back 4

state of protection from infectious disease

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attenuated

Back 5

weakened

Front 6

vaccine

Back 6

a weakened (attenuated) strain of vaccine is injected into organism to confer resistance to later infection

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serum

Back 7

the liquid, noncellular component of coagulated blood

Front 8

Immunoglobulin

Back 8

fraction of serum that neutralizes toxins, precipitates toxins, and agglutinates bacteria. active molecules in IG fraction: antibodies

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Antibody

Back 9

the active molecule in immunoglobulin fraction of serum

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Why call it Humoral Immunity?

Back 10

because it's mediated by antibodies which are in the body fluid - serum.

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phagocytes

Back 11

white blood cells that ingest microorganisms and foreign material.

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Theory of cell-mediated immunity

Back 12

cells like phagocytes, not molecules like antibodies in the serum, are responsible for immunity

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Lymphocyte responsible for:

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both cellular and humoral immunity

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antigen

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foreign material that binds with specific antibody

Front 15

clonal selection theory

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-lymphocytes express specific membrane receptors
-specificity is determined before exposure to antigen
-Ag binding to receptor activates lymphocyte - it proliferates.

Front 16

Innate Immunity

Back 16

first line of defense against infection; less specific immunity.

-components are present prior to infection, for PREVENTION

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Adaptive Immunity

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Specific;
Only starts if there is ANTIGENIC challenge.
-Special property: MEMORY
-Responds to first exposure to Ag in 5-6 days usually.
-Second response is better and faster.

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4 Barriers of Defense in Innate Immunity

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-Anatomic
-Physiologic
-Phagocytic
-Inflammatory

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Anatomic barriers of Innate immunity

Back 19

Skin:
-mechanical barrier (epidermis, dermis)
-acidic pH bars microbial growth (sebum)

Mucous Membranes:
-line conjunctivae, alimentary, respiratory, urogenital tracts
-mucus traps foreign particles.
-cilia moves them out.
-normal flora outcompete pathogens for attachment sites.

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fimbrae/pili

Back 20

hairlike protrusions on bacterium that allow them to adhere to glycoproteins/lipids on particular epithelial cells of mucous membranes.

-method of defeating innate immunity

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Physiologic barriers of innate immunity

Back 21

Temperature:
-Body temp inhibits some pathogens
-Fever response does too
Low pH:
-Stomach acid kills ingested pathogens
Chemical mediators:
-Lysozyme, Interferon, Complement, TLR, Collectins

Front 22

Phagocytic/endocytic barriers of innate immunity

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Cells endocytose/break down foreign macromolecules.

Special phagocytic cells kill and digest whole microorganisms.

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Inflammatory Barrier of Innate Immunity

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Tissue Damage or Infection induces leakage of vascular fluid which contains antibacterial serum proteins and phagocytic cells.

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Lysozyme

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cleaves peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell wall; part of innate immunity, physiological barrier

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Interferon

Back 25

produced by virus-infected cells to induce antiviral state

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complement

Back 26

serum proteins circulating in inactive state.
When activated, damage membranes of pathogenic organisms.

-Collectins are an example

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Pattern recognition

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-ability to recognize a given class of molecules.

-for innate immunity, these are molecules that are never found in eukaryotes so must be foreign.

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Phagocytosis in Innate Immunity is conducted by:

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Blood Monocytes, Neutrophils, Tissue Macrophages.

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primary lymphoid organs

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provide the right environment for lymphocytes to develop and mature in

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secondary lymphoid organs

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trap antigen from defined tissues/vascular spaces; The sites where adult lymphocytes interact with the antigens.

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leukocytes

Back 31

white blood cells

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lymphocytes

Back 32

the leukocytes of adaptive immunity.

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HSC (hematopoietic stem cell)

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the cell that gives rise to all blood cells!!!

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stem cells

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cells that can differentiate into other cell types; multiply by cell division