Chp 9 Joints

Front 1

Joint

AKA Articulation

Back 1

A point of contact between two bones, between bone and cartilage or between bone and teeth.

Front 2

Arthrology

Back 2

The scientific study of joints.

Front 3

Kinesiology

Back 3

The study of motion of the human body.

Front 4

Fibrous Joint

Back 4

There is no synovial cavity, and the bones are held together by dense irregular connective tissue that is rich in collagen fibers.

Front 5

Suture

Back 5

A fibrous joint composed of a thin layer of dense irregular CT; they only occur between bones in the skull.

Front 6

Synotosis

Back 6

A joint in which there is a complete fusion of two separate bones into one bone.

Ex: The frontal bone grows in halves that join together across a suture line.

Front 7

Syndesmosis

Back 7

A fibrous joint in which there is a greater distance between the articulating surfaces and more dense irregular CT than in a suture.

Permits limited movement

Ex: Between tibia and fibula.

Front 8

Gomphosis

Back 8

A joint in which a cone-shaped peg fits into a socket.

Prevents all movement

Only example: the roots of the teeth and their sockets.

Front 9

Cartilaginous Joint

Back 9

There is no synovial cavity and the bones are held together by cartilage.

Front 10

Synchondrosis

Back 10

A cartilaginous joint in which the connecting material is hyaline cartilage.

Ex: The epiphyseal plate that connects the epiphysis and diaphysis of a growing bone.

Front 11

Symphysis

Back 11

A cartilaginous joint in which the ends of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, but a broad, flat dis of fibrocartilage connects the bones.

Ex: Pubic Symphysis

Front 12

Synovial Joint

Back 12

The bones forming the joint have a synovial cavity and are united by the dense irregular CT of an articular capsule, and often by accessory ligaments.

Front 13

Articular Cartilage

Back 13

The layer of hyaline cartilage that covers bones at a synovial joint.

Front 14

Articular (Joint) Capsule

Back 14

A sleevelike capsule that surrounds a synovial joint, encloses the synovial cavity and unites the articulating bones. Composed of two layers, an outer fibrous membrane and an inner synovial membrane.

Front 15

Ligament

Back 15

The fibers of some fibrous membranes that arrange as parallel bundles of dense regular CT that are highly adapted for resisting strains. One of the principal mechanical factors that hold bones close together in a synovial joint.

Front 16

Synovial Membrane

Back 16

The inner layer of the articular capsule is composed of areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers.

Front 17

Articular Fat Pads

Back 17

At many synovial joints, the synovial membrane includes accumulations of adipose tissue.

Ex: The infrapatellar fat pad at the knee.

Front 18

Sprain

Back 18

The forcible wrenching or twisting of a joint that stretches or tears its ligaments, but does not dislocate the bones. Occurs when the ligaments are stressed beyond their normal capacity.

Lateral ankle joint is most often sprained; the lower back is another frequent location.

Front 19

Strain

Back 19

A stretched or partially torn muscle or muscle and tendon. Often occurs when a muscle contracts suddenly and powerfully - such as the leg muscles of sprinters when they spring from the blocks.

Front 20

Planar Joint

Back 20

Permit back and forth and side to side movements between flat surfaces of bones.

Ex: Between navicular and second and third cuneiforms of tarsus in foot.

Front 21

Hinge Joint

Back 21

Permits an angular, opening-and-closing motion like that of a hinged door.

Ex: Between trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna at the elbow.

Front 22

Pivot Joint

Back 22

Permits rotation around its own longitudinal axis.

Ex: Between head of radius and radial notch of ulna.

Front 23

Condyloid Joint

Back 23

Permits movement around two axes.

Ex: Wrist - allows flexion-extension and abduction-adduction.

Front 24

Saddle Joint

Back 24

A modified condyloid joint in which the movement is somewhat freer.

Ex: The thumb - allows for flexion-extension, abduction-adduction and rotation.

Front 25

Ball-and-Socket Joint

Back 25

Consists of the ball-like surface of one bone fitting into a cuplike depression of another bone.

Ex: Femur and Acetabulum of the Hip Bone (Triaxial: Flexion--Extension, Abduction-Adduction and Rotation).

Front 26

Bursa

Back 26

A sac or pouch of synovial fluid located at friction points, especially about joints.

Front 27

Tendon (Synovial) Sheaths

Back 27

Tubelike bursae that wrap around certain tendons that experience considerable friction. Found at the wrist and ankle and in fingers and toes.

Front 28

Bursitis

Back 28

An acute or chronic inflammation of a bursa which is usually caused by irritation from repeated, excessive exertion of a joint. May also be caused by trauma, by an acute or chronic infection or by rheumatoid arthritis.

Front 29

Gliding

Back 29

A simple movement in which relatively flat bone surfaces move back-and-forth and from side-to-side with respect to one another.

Ex: Intercarpal joints

Front 30

Flexion

Back 30

When there is a decrease in the angle between articulating bones.

Front 31

Extension

Back 31

When there is an increase in the angle between articulating bones.

Front 32

Hyperextension

Back 32

The continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position.

Ex: Moving the palm backward at the wrist joint.

Front 33

Abduction

Back 33

The movement of a bone away from the midline.

Front 34

Adduction

Back 34

The movement of a bone toward the midline.

Front 35

Circumduction

Back 35

Movement of the distal end of a body part in a circle. It is not an isolated movement by itself, but rather a continuous sequence of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction.

Ex: Moving the humerus in a circle at the shoulder joint.

Front 36

Rotation

Back 36

When a bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis.

Ex: turning the head from side to side at the atlanto-axial joint, like when you shake you're head "no."

Front 37

Elevation

Back 37

An upward movement of a part of the body.

Ex: Closing the mouth at the temporomandibular joint to elevate the mandible.

Front 38

Depression

Back 38

A downward movement of a part of the body.

Ex: Opening the mouth to depress the mandible.

Front 39

Protraction

Back 39

A movement of a part of the body anteriorly in the transverse plane.

Ex: The thrusting of the jaw anteriorly.

Front 40

Retraction

Back 40

A movement of a protracted part of the body back to anatomical position.

Front 41

Inversion

Back 41

A movement of the sole medially at the intertarsal joints

Front 42

Eversion

Back 42

A movement of the sole laterally at the intertarsal joints.

Front 43

Dorsiflexion

Back 43

The bending of the foot at the ankle or talocrural joint in the direction of the dorsum.

Ex: When you stand on your heels.

Front 44

Plantar Flexion

Back 44

Involves bending of the foot at the ankle joint in the direction of the plantar or inferior surface.

Ex: When you stand on your toes.

Front 45

Supination

Back 45

A movement of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which the palm is turned anteriorly.

Front 46

Pronation

Back 46

A movement of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which the distal end of the radius crosses over the distal end of the ulna and the palm is turned posteriorly.

Front 47

Opposition

Back 47

The movement of the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint in which the thumb moves across the palm to touch the tips of the fingers on the same hand.

Front 48

Range of Motion (ROM)

Back 48

This refers to the range, measured in degrees of a circle, through which the bones of a joint can be moved.

Front 49

Rheumatism

Back 49

Any painful disorder of the supporting structures of the body - bones, ligaments, tendons, or muscles - that is not caused by infection or injury.

Front 50

Arthritis

Back 50

A form of rheumatism in which joints are swollen, stiff, and painful. It afflicts about 45 million people in the USA and is the leading cause of physical disability among adults over age 65.

Front 51

Osteoarthritis

Back 51

A degenerative joint disease in which joint cartilage is gradually lost. It results from a combination of aging, obesity, irritation of the joints, muscle weakness, and wear and abrasion.

Front 52

Gout

Back 52

A person who suffers from Gout either produces excessive amounts of uric acid (a waste product produced during the metabolism of DNA/ RNA) or is not able to excrete as much as normal.

Front 53

Arthralgia

Back 53

Pain in a joint

Front 54

Dislocation

Back 54

Displacement of a bone from a joint with tearing of ligaments, tendons and articular capsules.

Front 55

Subluxation

Back 55

A partial or incomplete dislocation.