Chp. 31 (Bio) Fungi

Front 1

TRUE OR FALSE: Fungi break down organic material and recycle nutrients, allowing other organisms to assimilate essential chemical elements.

Back 1

TRUE. Humans benefit from fungi's services to agriculture and forestry as well as their essential role in making products ranging from bread to antibiotics.

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Front 2

TRUE OR FALSE: Fungi are unable to cause diseases in plants and animals.

Back 2

FALSE. But it is also true that some fungi causes diseases in plants and animals.

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Front 3

Are fungi autotroph or heterotroph?

Back 3

heterotroph

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Front 4

How do fungi eat?

Back 4

They feed by absorption. Many fungi grow by forming multicellular filaments, a body structure that plays an important role in how they obtain food.

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Front 5

What do fungi utilize to absorb nutrients from their surroundings?

Back 5

They secrete powerful hydrolytic enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down complex molecules to smaller organic compounds that the fungi can absorb into their bodies and use.

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Front 6

How do fungi absorb nutrients from plant cells?

Back 6

They use enzymes to penetrate the walls of plant cells, enabling the fungi to absorb nutrients from the plant cell.

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Front 7

Can fungi digest things from living or dead organisms?

Back 7

either.

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Front 8

What are the 3 things fungi can act as?

Back 8

decomposers, parasites, or mutualists.

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Front 9

What do decomposer fungi do?

Back 9

Decomposer fungi break down and absorb nutrients from nonliving organic material, such as fallen logs, animal corpses, and the wastes of living organisms.

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Front 10

What do parasitic funti do?

Back 10

Parasitic fungi absorb nutrients from the cells of living hosts.

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Front 11

What do mutualistic fungi do?

Back 11

Mutualistic fungi also absorb nutrients from a host organism, but they reciprocate with actions that benefic the host.

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Front 12

What are the two types of body structure?

Back 12

multicellular filaments and single cells.

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Front 13

What are single celled fungi commonly called?

Back 13

yeasts.

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Front 14

What environments do yeasts usually inhabit?

Back 14

Yeasts often inhabit moist environments, including plant sap and animal tissues, where there is a ready supply of soluble nutrients, such as sugars and amino acids.

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Front 15

How does the morphology of fungi help fungi?

Back 15

The morphology of nulticellular fungi enhances their ability to grow into and absorb nutrients from their surroundings.

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Front 16

What are hyphae?

Back 16

The bodies of fungi typically form a network of tiny filaments, which are called hyphae.

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Front 17

What do hyphae consist of?

Back 17

Hyphae consist of tubular cell walls surrounding the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of the cells.

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Front 18

What make up the cell wall of fungi?

Back 18

chitin. A nitrogen-containing polysaccharide.

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Front 19

What is mycelium?

Back 19

Fungal hyphae form an interwoven mass called a mycelium that infiltrates the material on which the fungus feeds.


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Front 20

Does the hyphae increase it's girth or length as it grows?

Back 20

length so that the overall absorptive surface area increases.

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Front 21

TRUE OR FALSE: Fungi can move into new places, swiftly extending the tips of their hyphae into previously unoccupied territory.

Back 21

TRUE.

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Front 22

What is septa?

Back 22

crossing-walls that divide hyphae.

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Front 23

How do ribosomes, mitochondria, and nuclei flow from cell to cell?

Back 23

The septa have pores large enough to allow ribosomes, mitochondria, and even nuclei to flow from cell to cell.

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Front 24

What are coenocytic fungi?

Back 24

Fungi that lack septa. They consist of a continuous cytoplasmic mass having hundreds or thousands of nuclei.

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Front 25

What is haustoria?

Back 25

Specialized hyphae which the some fungi use to extract nutrients from -- or exchange nutrients with -- their hosts.

Front 26

What is a mycorrhizae?

Back 26

A mutually beneficial relationship between fungi and plant root. Term literally means "fungus roots"

Front 27

What are ectomycorrhizal fungi?

Back 27

Fungi that form sheaths of hyphae over the surface of a root and also grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex.

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Front 28

What are arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi?

Back 28

Fungi which extend their branching hyphae through the root cell wall and into tubes formed by invagination (pushing inward) of the root cell membrane.

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Front 29

TRUE OR FALSE: Most plants do not have nor need mycorrhizae.

Back 29

FALSE. Almost all vascular plants have mycorrhizae and rely on their fungal partners for essential nutrients.

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Front 30

What do most fungi use to reproduce?

Back 30

spores. If they land in a moist place where there is food, they germinate, producing new mycelia.

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Front 31

Are the nuclei of fungal hyphae and the spores of most fungal species diploid or haploid?

Back 31

haploid. Although many fungi have transient diploid stages that form during sexual life cycles.

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Front 32

What are pheromones?

Back 32

Sexual signaling molecules that are released by hyphae from two mycelia, which begins sexual reproduction.

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Front 33

What is plasmogamy?

Back 33

The union of the cytoplasms of two parent mycelia. In most fungi, the haploid nuclei contributed by each parent do not fuse right away. Instead, parts of the fused mycelium contain coexisting, genetically different nuclei.

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Front 34

What is a heterokaryon?

Back 34

"different nuclei". When parts of fused mycelium contain coexisting, genetically different nuclei.

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Front 35

What is a dikaryotic?

Back 35

When the haploid nuclei pair off two to a cell, one from each parent. The mycelium is dikaryotic. As a dikaryotic mycelium grows, the two nuclei in each cell divide in tandem without fusing.

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Front 36

How much time passes before plasmogamy turns to a karyogamy?

Back 36

hours, days, or even centuries.

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Front 37

What is karyogamy?

Back 37

During karyogamy, the haploid nuclei contributed by the two parents fuse, producing diploid cells.

EX: zygotes and transient structures.

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Front 38

What are molds?

Back 38

When many fungi reproduce asexually by growing as filamentous fungi that produce (haploid) spores by mitosis. Such species are known informally as molds if they form visible mycelia.

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Front 39

What is budding?

Back 39

When asexual reproduction in yeasts occurs by ordinary cell division or by the pinching of small "bud cells" off a parent cell.

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Front 40

What are deuteromycetes?

Back 40

They have no known sexual stage.

Whenever a sexual stage is discovered for a so-called deuteromycete, the species is reclassified in a particular phylum, depending on the type of sexual structures it forms.

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Front 41

Where did fungi evolve?

Back 41

Phylogenetic systematics suggests that fungi evolved from a flagellated ancestor.

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Front 42

What are opisthokonts?

Back 42

Members of the clade fungi are called opisthokonts which refers to the posterior location of the flagellum in those organisms.

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Front 43

Where are chytrids typically found?

Back 43

in lakes and soil.

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Front 44

Are chytrids one of the earliest or latest ancestors?

Back 44

earliest.

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Front 45

What is unique to chytrids?

Back 45

zoospores.

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Front 46

What are zoospores?

Back 46

Chytrids are unique among fungi in having flagellated spores.

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Front 47

Are chytrids decomposers, parasites, or mutualists?

Back 47

They can be either decomposers, parasites or mutualists.

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Front 48

What do chytrids form a paraphyletic group with?

Back 48

zygomycetes

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Front 49

TRUE OR FALSE: Zygomycetes are very diverse.

Back 49

TRUE. Zygomycetes exhibit great diversity of life histories.

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Front 50

zygomycetes are fast-growing ____, _______, and _______ _________.

Back 50

molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts.

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Front 51

What are zygomycetes named for?

Back 51

Their sexually produced zygosporangia.

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Front 52

Where are the septa found on zygomycetes?

Back 52

The hyphae are coenocytic, with septa found only where reproductive cells are formed.

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Front 53

TRUE OR FALSE: zygosporangium are sensitive to temperature changes.

Back 53

FALSE. They are resistant to freezing and drying and can survive unfavorable conditions.

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Front 54

TRUE OR FALSE: certain zygomycetes can actually "aim" and then shoot their sporangia toward the bright light.

Back 54

TRUE.

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Front 55

What are zygosporangium?

Back 55

Plasmogamy produces a sturdy structure called a zygosporangium, in which karyogamy and then meiosis occur: Note that while a zygosporangium represents the zygote (2n) stage in the life cycle, it is not a zygote in the usual sense (that is, a cell with one diploid nucleus.)

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Front 56

How can glomeromycetes be classified?

Back 56

They form arbuscular mycorrihizae.

Front 57

What do glomeromycetes do?

Back 57

The tips of the hyphae push into plant root cells and branch into tiny treelike structures known as arbuscules.

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Front 58

Where do ascomycetes live?

Back 58

in marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats.

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Front 59

How can you tell if something is an ascomycete?

Back 59

The sexual spores are in a saclike asci, usually contained in fruiting bodies called ascocarps..

Front 60

What are asci?

Back 60

Sexual spores of ascomycetes.

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Front 61

Why are ascomycetes commonly called sac fungi?

Back 61

Because they produce sac like sexual spores called asci.

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Front 62

What are ascocarps?

Back 62

The fruiting bodies of ascomycetes.

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Front 63

What are conidia?

Back 63

Asexual spores. Ascomycetes reproduce asexually by producing enormous numbers of asexual spores called conidia.

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Front 64

TRUE OR FALSE: From unicellular yeasts to elaborate cup fungi and morels.

Back 64

TRUE. WHAT DOES THIS EVEN MEAN???

Front 65

What are conidiophores?

Back 65

Conidia are formed by conidiophores, specialized hyphae at the externally at the tips (often in clusters or long chains, from which they may be dispersed by the wind.)

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Front 66

What type of fungi is neurospora?

Back 66

Ascomycetes

Front 67

What type of fungi are mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi?

Back 67

basidiomycetes

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Front 68

What is another common name for basidiomycetes?

Back 68

club fungus because of the club-like shape of the basidium also gives rise to the name.

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Front 69

TRUE OR FALSE: The life cycle of a basidiomycete usually includes a long-lived dikaryotic mycelium.

Back 69

TRUE.

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Front 70

What are basidiocarps?

Back 70

The mycelium reproducecs sexually by producing elaborate fuiting bodies called basidiocarps.

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Front 71

What are basidiospores?

Back 71

Sexual spores that come from numerous basidia in a basidiocarp.

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Front 72

TRUE OR FALSE: Fungi can decompose cellulose and lignin of plant cell walls.

Back 72

TRUE. Without these decomposers, carbon, nitrogen, and other elements would remain tied up in organic matter.

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Front 73

What are endophytes?

Back 73

Fungi that live inside leaves or other plant parts without causing harm.

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Front 74

TRUE OR FALSE: Most endophytes identified to date are basidomycetes.

Back 74

FALSE. Most endophytes identified to date are ascomycetes.

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Front 75

TRUE OR FALSE: Some fungi share their digestive services with animals, helping break down plant material in the guts of cattle and other grazing mammals.

Back 75

TRUE.

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Front 76

What is a lichen?

Back 76

A symbiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus in which millions of photosynthetic cells are held in a mass of fungal hyphae.

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Front 77

For a lichen, what is most likely the fungal component?

Back 77

ascomycete.

but, one glomeromycete and several basidiomycete lichens are known.

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Front 78

Who benefits in a lichen?

Back 78

Both benefit. In most lichens that have been studied, each partner provides something the other could not obtain on its own.

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Front 79

How do fungi of many lichens reproduce?

Back 79

Many lichens reproduce sexually by forming ascocarps or basidiocarps.

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Front 80

What are soredia?

Back 80

Small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae. For "dual organisms", asexual reproduction as a symbiotic unit also occurs commonly either by fragmentation of the parental lichen or by the formation of soredia.

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Front 81

What is one thing that lichens cannot tolerate?

Back 81

air pollution.

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Front 82

What are ergots?

Back 82

ascomycete that grow on rye plants that form purple structures.

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Front 83

What is ergotism?

Back 83

when ergots (ascomycete form on bad rye bread) are consumed and cause ergotism, a condition characterized by gangrene, nervous spasms, burning sensations, hallucinations, and temporary insanity.

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Front 84

What are mycosis?

Back 84

A fungal infection that causes skin mycoses or systemic mycoses..

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Front 85

What is an example of skin mycoses?

Back 85

ringworms.

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Front 86

What is a systemic mycoses?

Back 86

a fungal infection that spreads through the body and usually cause very serious illnesses.

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Front 87

What do yeast do under anaerobic conditions?

Back 87

yeasts ferment sugars to alcohol and CO2.

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