Chp. 28/29/30

Front 1

Ostpolitik:

Back 1

German for “Eastern policy”; West Germany’s attempt in the 1970s to ease diplomatic tensions with East Germany, exemplifying the policies of détente.

Front 2

détente:

Back 2

The progressive relaxation of Cold War tensions that emerged in the early 1970s

Front 3

Second Vatican Council

Back 3

A meeting of Catholic leaders convened from 1962 to 1965 that initiated a number of reforms, including the replacement of Latin with local languages in church services, designed to democratize the church and renew its appeal.

Front 4

New Left

Back 4

A 1960s counterculture movement that embraced updated forms of Marxism to challenge both Western capitalism and Soviet-style communism

Front 5

Brezhnev Doctrine:

Back 5

created by Leonid Brezhnev that held that the Soviet Union had the right to intervene in any East Bloc country when necessary to preserve Communist rule.

Front 6

OPEC

Back 6

The Arab-led Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.

Front 7

stagflation

Back 7

Term coined in the early 1980s to describe the combination of low growth and high inflation that led to a worldwide recession.

Front 8

postindustrial society

Back 8

A society that relies on high-tech and service-oriented jobs for economic growth rather than heavy industry and manufacturing jobs.

Front 9

neoliberalism:

Back 9

Philosophy of 1980s conservatives who argued for privatization of state-run industries and decreased government spending on social services.

Front 10

privatization:

Back 10

The sale of state-managed industries such as transportation and communication networks to private owners, a key policy of neoliberalism meant to control government spending, increase private profits, and foster economic growth, which was implemented in western Europe in response to the economic crisis of the 1970s.

Front 11

developed socialism

Back 11

A term used by Communist leaders to describe the socialist accomplishments of their societies, such as nationalized industry, collective agriculture, and extensive social welfare programs.

Front 12

Solidarity

Back 12

Independent Polish trade union that worked for workers’ rights and political reform throughout the 1980s.

Front 13

perestroika:

Back 13

Economic restructuring and reform implemented by Premier Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union in 1985.

Front 14

glasnost:

Back 14

Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev’s popular campaign for openness in government and the media.

Front 15

Velvet Revolution

Back 15

The term given to the relatively peaceful overthrow of communism in Czechoslovakia; the label came to signify the collapse of the East Bloc in general in 1989 to 1990.

Front 16

Cold War:

Back 16

The rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United States that divided much of Europe into a Soviet-aligned Communist bloc and a U.S.-aligned capitalist bloc between 1945 and 1989.

Front 17

displaced persons

Back 17

Postwar refugees, including 13 million Germans, former Nazi prisoners and forced laborers, and orphaned children.

Front 18

Truman Doctrine

Back 18

America’s policy geared to containing communism to those countries already under Soviet control.

Front 19

Marshall Plan:

Back 19

American plan for providing economic aid to western Europe to help it rebuild.

Front 20

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON)

Back 20

An economic organization of Communist states meant to help rebuild East Bloc countries under Soviet auspices.

Front 21

NATO:

Back 21

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, an anti-Soviet military alliance of Western governments.

Front 22

Warsaw Pact

Back 22

Soviet-backed military alliance of East Bloc Communist countries in Europe.

Front 23

economic miracle

Back 23

Term contemporaries used to describe rapid economic growth, often based on the consumer sector, in post–World War II western Europe.

Front 24

Christian Democrats:

Back 24

Center-right political parties that rose to power in western Europe after the Second World War.

Front 25

Common Market

Back 25

The European Economic Community, created by six western and central European countries in the West Bloc in 1957 as part of a larger search for European unity.

Front 26

socialist realism

Back 26

Artistic movement that followed the dictates of Communist ideals, enforced by state control in the Soviet Union and East Bloc countries in the 1950s and 1960s.

Front 27

de-Stalinization

Back 27

The liberalization of the post-Stalin Soviet Union led by reformer Nikita Khrushchev.

Front 28

decolonization:

Back 28

The postwar reversal of Europe’s overseas expansion caused by the rising demand of the colonized peoples themselves, the declining power of European nations, and the freedoms promised by U.S. and Soviet ideals.

Front 29

nonalignment:

Back 29

Policy of postcolonial governments to remain neutral in the Cold War and play both the United States and the Soviet Union for what they could get.

Front 30

neocolonialism

Back 30

A postcolonial system that perpetuates Western economic exploitation in former colonial territories.

Front 31

guest worker programs:

Back 31

Government-run programs in western Europe designed to recruit labor for the booming postwar economy.

Front 32

postcolonial migration

Back 32

The postwar movement of people from former colonies and the developing world into Europe.

Front 33

Ostalgie:

Back 33

German term referring to nostalgia for the lifestyles and culture of the vanished East Bloc.

Front 34

ethnic cleansing

Back 34

The attempt to establish ethnically homogeneous territories by intimidation, forced deportation, and killing.

Front 35

Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA)

Back 35

Military organization formed in 1998 by Kosovar militants who sought independence from Serbia.

Front 36

globalization:

Back 36

The emergence of a freer, more technologically connected global economy, accompanied by a worldwide exchange of cultural, political, and religious ideas.

Front 37

European Union (EU):

Back 37

The economic, cultural, and political alliance of twenty-seven European nations.

Front 38

Maastricht Treaty

Back 38

The basis for the formation of the European Union, which set financial and cultural standards for potential member states and defined criteria for membership in the monetary union.

Front 39

World Trade Organization (WTO)

Back 39

: A powerful supranational financial institution that sets trade and tariff agreements for over 150 member countries and so helps manage a large percentage of the world’s import-export policies. Like the IMF and the World Bank, the WTO promotes neoliberal policies around the world.

Front 40

nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)

Back 40

Independent organizations with specific agendas, such as humanitarian aid or environmental protection, that conduct international programs and activities.

Front 41

diasporas:

Back 41

Enclaves of ethnic groups settled outside of their homelands.

Front 42

multiculturalism:

Back 42

The mixing of ethnic styles in daily life and in cultural works such as film, music, art, and literature.

Front 43

war on terror:

Back 43

American policy under President George W. Bush to fight global terrorism in all its forms.

Front 44

Muslim Brotherhood

Back 44

Islamic social and political reform group founded in Egypt in 1928 that called for national liberation from European control and a return to shari’a law (based on Muslim legal codes), and demanded land reform, extensive social welfare programs, and economic independence.

Front 45

arab Spring

Back 45

A series of popular revolts in several countries in the Middle East and North Africa that sought an end to authoritarian, often Western-supported regimes.

Front 46

climate change:

Back 46

Changes in long-standing weather patterns caused primarily by carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuels.