Chp 16 Sensory, Motor And Integrative Systems

Front 1

Sensation

Back 1

Awareness of a stimulus

Front 2

Perception

Back 2

The action of identifying the stimulus

Front 3

Modality

Back 3

The type of stimulus (energy, heat, touch, etc)

Front 4

Receptive Field

Back 4

Range of reception

On hand - fairly small
On back - a lot bigger

Front 5

Somatic (General) Senses

Back 5

Refers to both somatic senses and visceral senses

Somatic - include tactile, thermal, pain, proprioceptive sensations
Visceral - provide info about conditions within internal organs

Front 6

Special Senses

Back 6

The sensory modalities of smell, taste, vision, hearing and equilibrium or balance.

Front 7

Generator Potential

Back 7

When stimulated, the dendrites of free nerve endings, encapsulated nerve endings and the receptive part of olfactory receptors produce this kind of potential. When large enough, this potential will trigger one or more nerve impulses of a first-order sensory neuron.

***Generator Potentials generate action potentials.

Front 8

Receptor Potential

Back 8

When sensory receptors that are seperate cells produce graded potentials. These potentials trigger the release of NT through exocytosis of synaptic vesicles, which creates a postsynaptic potential (PSP) in the first-order neuron, which may trigger one or more nerve impulses, which propagate along the axon into the CNS.

Front 9

Adaptation

Back 9

Decreased sensation to a sustained stimulus

Front 10

Proprioceptive

Back 10

Receptors that are located in muscles, tendons, joints and the inner ear. They provide info about body position, muscle length and tension, and the position and movement of your joints.

Front 11

Muscle Spindle

Back 11

These are proprioceptors located in skeletal muscles that monitor changes in the length of skeletal muscles and participate in stretch reflexes.

Front 12

Tendon Organ

Back 12

These are proprioceptors that are located at the junction of a tendon and muscle. They protect tendons and their associated muscles from damage due to excessive tension.

Front 13

Joint Kinesthetic Receptors

Back 13

These are proprioceptors that are located within and around the articular capsules of synovial joints and they respond to pressure, strain, acceleration and deceleration of joints during movement.

Front 14

First-Order Neuron

Back 14

Conducts impulses from sensory receptors to the brain stem or spinal cord.

Front 15

Second-Order Neuron

Back 15

Conducts impulses from spinal cord to thalamus.

Front 16

Third-Order Neuron

Back 16

Conducts impulses from thalamus to primary somatosensory area (post-central gyrus of parietal lobe)

Front 17

Homunculus Map

Back 17

Each point on the body surface maps to a specific region in both the primary somatosensory area and the primary motor area.

Front 18

Upper Motor Neuron (UMN)

Back 18

Part of the Descending Motor Pathway. Goes from primary somatomotor area (pre-central gyrus of frontal lobe) to the spinal cord.

Front 19

Lower Motor Neuron (LMN)

Back 19

Part of the Descending Motor Pathway. Goes from spinal cord to effectors.

Front 20

Learning

Back 20

Ability to acquire new knowledge.

Front 21

Memory

Back 21

Retrieval of knowledge

Front 22

Plasticity

Back 22

For an experience to become part of memory, it must produce persistent structural and functional changes that represent the experience in the brain. This word is the capability for change associated with learning.

Front 23

Immediate Memory

Back 23

The ability to recall ongoing experiences for a few seconds. Done in the hippocampus.

Front 24

Short-Term Memory

Back 24

The temporary ability to recal a few pieces of information for seconds to minutes. Done in the limbic system.

Front 25

Long-Term Memory

Back 25

When information in short-term memory is later transformed into a more permanent type of memory, which lasts days to years. Done in the temporal lobe.

Front 26

Memory Consolidation

Back 26

The reinforcement that results from the frequent retrieval of a piece of information.

Front 27

Amnesia

Back 27

When one cannot access memories.

Front 28

Retrograde

Back 28

When one cannot remember the past, but can create new memories.

Front 29

Anterograde

Back 29

When one can remember old memories, but cannot remember new ones.

Front 30

Circadian Rhythm

Back 30

A 24-hour cycle that is established by the hypothalamus.

Front 31

Arousal

Back 31

The awakening from sleep

Front 32

Consciousness

Back 32

A state of wakefulness

Front 33

NREM Sleep

Back 33

Consists of 4 gradually merging stages. Starts with alpha waves and progresses into beta waves.

Front 34

REM Sleep

Back 34

A restful sleep when the brain is repairing itself. The nerves that innervate the eye muscles are not a part of the UMNs, so that is why the eye movement occurs.