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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Best to be well nourished prior to pregnancy
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-ideal weight
-folic acid 400 mcg a day -avoidance of alcohol, drugs, cigarettes -avoid teratogens |
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Does dad's health impact sperm health?
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yes
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What does a nourishing diet do throughout pregnancy?
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-supports fetal growth and development
-provides the mother of nutrients she needs -minimizes the risks of inappropriate weight gain (too little or too much) |
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Is an undernourished mother more likely to give birth to a low birth weight baby?
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yes
-baby birth weighing <5.5 lbs. -increased risks if infections, learning disabilities and death in the 1st year |
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Preterm babies are born before...
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38 weeks and may be low birth weight babies
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Small for gestational age (SGA) are...
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full-term but weigh less than expected for age
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Pattern of weight gain during pregnancy
1) 1st trimester 2) 2nd-3rd trimesters 3)total |
1)3-5 lbs.
2) average 1 lb. per week 3) typically 24-35 lb. total |
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Women who do not gain enough weight are at risk of...
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having a low birth weight baby
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Is too much weight gain risky?
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yes
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Women should not do what during pregnancy?
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diet
-this may deprive the fetus of critical nutrients |
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How much weight a woman should gain is based on her pre-pregnancy weight:
pre-pregnancy = underweight (BMI less than 18.5) |
recommended to gain 28-40 lbs
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How much weight a woman should gain is based on her pre-pregnancy weight:
pre-pregnancy weight = healthy weight (BMI between 18.5 and 24.9) |
recommended to gain 25-35 lbs.
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How much weight a woman should gain is based on her pre-pregnancy weight:
pre-pregnancy weight = overweight (BMI between 25 and 29.9) |
recommended to gain 15-25 lbs.
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How much weight a woman should gain is based on her pre-pregnancy weight:
pre-pregnancy = obese (BMI greater than 30) |
recommended no more than 15 lbs.
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How many additional kcal should pregnant women take in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters?
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additional 350-450 kcal/day
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Energy
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-nutrient-dense foods to obtain sufficient nutrients
-safe and physician-approved program of regular moderate physical activity |
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How much protein should a pregnant women eat?
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1.1 gm/kg bogy weight/ day of protein
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How much carbs should a pregnant women eat?
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175 grams/day minimum
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Should the % of calories obtained from fat change during pregnancy?
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NO
-limit saturated fat, avoid trans fat |
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Fat is required by the newborn for temperature regulation and as an energy source. (T/F)
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True
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What is critical for neurological and eye development?
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omega-3 fatty acid DHA
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Why is folate needed?
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-required for cell division
-critical in the 1st 28 days for development of the neural tube -folate deficiency is associated with neural tube defects (spina bifida, anencephaly) and macrocytic anemia (immature blood cells) -400ug/ day for sexually active women -600ug/ day for pregnant women |
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Why is vitamin B12 important?
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-regenerates the active form of folate
-2.6ug/ day during pregnancy -animals foods, fortified products, supplements |
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Why is vitamin C important?
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-synthesis of collagen ( in connective tissues)
-deficiency results in infections, preterm births -85 mg/day, more if smoking during pregnancy |
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Why is vitamin A important?
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-needs increase by 10% in pregnancy
-deficiency linked to an increased risk of low birth weight, intrauterine growth retardation, preterm births -excess preformed vitamin A exerts teratogenic effects |
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Why is vitamin D important?
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-AI does not increase during pregnancy
-sufficient vitamin D in pregnancy linked to decreased asthma, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes later in baby's life |
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Why is calcium important?
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-1000mg/ day, same as for nonpregnant women
-1300mg/ day for pregnant adolescents -pregnant women absorb calcium better -calcium supplements should be taken at different time than other prenatal viatmins |
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Why is zinc important?
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-critical for making proteins, DNA, RNA
-need increases 38% during pregnancy |
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Why is iron important?
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-increased need for red blood cells increases the need for iron by 50%
-fetal need for iron increases in 3rd trimester -fetus takes mineral iron -inadequate intake increases rate of low birth weight, preterm birth, stillbirth, and death -recommend foods high in heme iron (meat, fish, and poultry), iron-rich legumes, iron-fortified foods with vitamin-C rich roods, or iron & vitamin C supplements |
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Why is sodium important?
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-1500mg/ day as for nonpregnant women
-high sodium diet during pregnancy an indicator of poor quality diet |
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Why is iodine important?
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-need for iodine increases significantly
-deficiency can cause birth defects -220ug/ day can be obtained form iodized salt |
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The need for fluids increases to...
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3 liters per day for...
-increase in the mothers blood volume -regulating body temperature -production of amniotic fluid to protect and cushion fetus -combat fluid retention and constipation -prevent urinary tract infections |
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Pregnant women need to pay close attention to food safety rules. (T/F)
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True
-cook foods to proper temperature -chill foods promptly -wash hands and utensils -do not eat raw or undercooked meats, eggs, dairy |
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What kinds of fish are you NOT supposed to eat?
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shark, swordfish, king mackerel, or tilefish because they have high levels of mercury
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How much fish do pregnant women get recommended?
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eat up to 12 ounces a week or a variety of fish and shellfish that are lower in mercury
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What kinds of fish are pregnant women allowed to eat?
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shrimp, canned light tuna, salmon, pollock, and catfish
*albacore has more mercury than light canned tuna/ may eat up to ounces of albacore per week |
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Cravings and aversions
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most women crave a certain type of food (sweet, salty) rather than a specific food
-little evidence supports the idea that cravings indicate a deficiency -pica -food aversions are common, but not universal among pregnant women |
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Pica
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craving a non-food item (ice, clay)
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Heartburn
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occurs when the sphincter above the stomach relaxes, allowing stomach acid into the esophogus
-hormones in pregnancy relax smooth muscles, thereby increasing heartburn -enlargement of the uterus pushes up on the stomach and compounds the problem |
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Does heartburn happen more often in pregnant women?
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YES
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Constipation and hemorrhoids
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-pregnancy hormones that cause smooth muscle to relax also slow the movement of material through the large intestine
-constipation can lead to hemorrhoids -reduce constipation by consuming 25-35g/ day of fiber and plenty of fluids -exercise to increase motility of the colon |
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Gestational diabetes
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insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance that increases blood glucose levels during pregnancy
-condition resolves after birth occurs -risk of delivering a large baby -uncontrolled blood glucose levels may lead to preeclampsia, increased fetal morbidity, and risk for type 2 diabetes for mother and child (during adolescence and adulthood) |
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Preeclampsia
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pregnancy-induced hypertension
-can be fatal if left untreated -deficiencies in vitamin C, vitamin E, and magnesium increase the risk -treatment focuses on managing blood pressure and often includes bed rest -the only cure is childbirth |
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Nutrition-related concerns/ High risk pregnancies
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-adolescence
-older mothers -vegetarians -dieting -caffeine -alcohol -smoking -illegal drugs -food safety -eating disorder -socioeconomic status -multiples |
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Dieting during pregnancy
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Dieting is not advisable during pregnancy
-calorie restriction limits nutrient availability for the mother and the fetus -fad diets are often unbalanced in macronutrients and micronutrients -pregorexia |
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Pregorexia
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fear of gaining weight in pregnancy
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Consumption of caffeine during pregnancy
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-caffeine is a stimulant that crosses the placenta and reaches the fetus
-one to two cups of coffee per day is very likely causing no harm -higher amounts may slightly increase the risk of miscarriage, preterm births, low birth weight |
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Consumption of alcohol during pregnancy
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-alcohol is a known teratogen that crosses the placenta and is associated with various birth defects
-no levels of alcohol is considered safe during pregnancy -Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) |
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Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
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variety of characteristics associated with prenatal exposure to high quantities of alcohol
-malformations of face, limbs, heart -many developmental disabilities |
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Exercise during pregnancy
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-keeps a woman physically fit
-is a great mood booster -helps compensate for an increased appetite -may benefit baby's health by increasing blood flow to the placenta -helps keep blood pressure down -makes weight loss easier after the pregnancy -eases delivery for mother and baby |
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Breastfeeding is recommended
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-nutritionally superior
-less apt to cause allergic reaction -suckling promotes development of infant's jaw and teeth -promotes a close relationship -less likely to be mishandled -helps the infant build up immunities -may reduce risk of chronic diseases -less expensive -breast-fed babies have lower rates of hospital admissions, ear infections, ear infections, diarrhea, and other medical concerns |
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More benefits of breastfeeding
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-linked to healthier weight in child later in life
-helps mother with weight loss -protective against breast cancer -breastmilk correctly colonizes the gut -lower rates of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) |
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Breastfeeding requirements
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-milk production requires 500-800 kcal/ day
-lactating women may need to consume an extra 300-400 kcal/ day above needs -allow for gradually weight loss (1-4 lb/mo) -increased need for protein, certain vitamins and minerals (folate, iron, calcium), fluid |
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What does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend?
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Recommends exclusively breastfeeding for the first six months of life, and continuing to breastfeed through at least age one
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What does the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends?
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Recommends breastfeeding for at least the first 2 years
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Breast milk or formula should be supplemented with solid food beginning at...
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4 to 6 months
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Optimal nutrition is critical in the first year
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-the baby's organs are developing
-the nervous system continues to develop -babies typically grow 10 inches in length and triple their weight in the 1st year -growth charts (pattern) assess nutrition status |
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Infant nutrition
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-only breastmilk and/or formula for the first 4 to 6 months
-no other foods or liquids during first 4 to 6 months -eating on demand recommended for first several months, rather than scheduled feedings -parents should decide how they plan to feed their newborn during pregnancy, rather than when the baby is born -allows for informed decision, preparation |
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When are babies able to eat solids?
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-has doubled his/her birth weight
-can sit up unassisted -opens his/her mouth in response to food coming -can move tongue from side to side without moving head -"tongue thrust" is gone -no younger than 4 months old -no benefit to start solids earrly -potentially harmful |
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Infants should not eat...
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-foods they could choke on
-honey -goat's milk (until at least age 1) -cow's milk (until at least age 1) -large quantities of fruit juice -added salt or sugar -food items that their parents are allergic to |
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Choking hazards
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-nuts and seeds
-raisins -hot dogs -popcorn -whole grapes -hard candies -peanut butter -cherry tomatoes -raw carrots -many other raw fruits and veggies -fruits with pits -large chunks of any food |
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Allergies
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-solid food should be introduced one at a time for a week to watch for allergies
-introducing solid food too soon may lead to allergies |
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Dehydration
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-extremely dangerous for infants
-caused by diarrhea, vomiting, inadequate fluid intake -pediatric electrolyte solution may be used |
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Colic
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-uncontrollable crying that can last for hours
-precise cause is unknown -usually resolves in first few months of life -frequently blamed on breastmilk or formula, but not usually the case |
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Anemia
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-infants are born with enough iron for 6 months (if the mother had good iron stores)
-use iron-fortified formula and cereal -overconsumption of cow's milk can contribute to anemia |
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Nursing Bottle Syndrome
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-leaving an infant alone with a bottle can lead to cavities and tooth decay
-high-carb fluid provides an optimal food source for cavity-causing bacteria -encourage using a cup by 8 months and no bottle after 18 months |
