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41 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The process by which the characteristics of individuals are passed to their offspring is called
Inheritance. pg-174
A gene's physical location on a chromosome is called its
locus(plural, loci). pg-174
One of several alternative forms a particular gene is called
alleles. pg-174
If both homologues have the same allele at a given gene locus, the organism is said to be ___________ at the locus.
homozygous. (Greek meaning "same-pair") pg-175
If two homologous chromosomes have different alleles at a locus, the organism is ______________
heterozygous. (Greek meaning "different-pair") pg-175
Organisms that are heterozygous at a specific locus are often called
hybrids. pg-175
The principles of inheritance was discovered by _____________.
Austrian monk, Gregor Mendel, in the mid-1800's. pg-175
What subject did Austrian monk, Gregor Mendel choose for his experiment of inheritance?
The edible pea. pg-175
The process by which an organism fertilizes it's own eggs is called _____________.
self-fertilization. pg-176
The process by which one organism fertilizes the eggs of a different organism is called ___________
cross-fertilization. pg-176
Gregor Mendel's experiment:
Mendel wanted to mate two different pea plants to see what types of offspring they would produce.

To do this, he opened one pea flower and removed it's stamen, preventing self-fertilization.

Then, he dusted the sticky tip of the carpel with pollen from the flower of another plant. pg-176
When organism posses a trait, that is always inherited unchanged by all of the its offspring that are produced by self-fertilization it's called _____________
true-breeding. pg-176
When two different alleles are present in an organism one-the (1)_________ allele - may mask the expression of the other - the (2)__________ allele.
(1). dominant
(2). recessive

(The recessive allele, however, is still present. In the edible pea, the allele for purple flowers is dominant, and the allele for white flowers is recessive. )

pg-177
The process by which pairs of alleles on homologous chromosomes separate, or segregate, form each other during meiosis is called
Mendel's law of segregation. pg-176
The actual combination of alleles carried by an organism (for example PP orPp) is its
genotype. pg-178
The organism;s traits, including its outward appearance, behavior, digestive enzymes, blood type, or any other observable or measurable feature make up its
phenotype. pg-178
The _____________ is named after R.C. Punnet, a famous geneticist of the early 1900's. It is a convenient way to predict the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring.
The Punnet square method. pg-178
Segregation of alleles and fusion of gametes predict the distribution of alleles and traits in Mendel's experiment with flower color peas
(a). The parental generation. All of the gametes of the homozygous parents contain the same allele: only P allele in the gametes of PP parents and only p alleles in the gametes of pp parents.

(b). The F1 generation: Fusion of gametes, containing the P allele with gametes containing the p allele produces only Pp offspring.

(c). The F2 generation: Half of the gametes of heterozygous Pp parents contain the P allele and half contain the p allele, Fusion of these gametes produces PP, Pp, and pp offspring. pg-178
Cross-fertilization of an organism with a dominant phenotype (in this case, a purple flower) but an unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive organism (a white flower) tests whether the organism with the dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous; logical enough, this is called
test-cross. pg-180
What is the significance of the 9: 3: 3: 1 phenotypic ratio
That ratio is the phenotype summary that results from a dihybrid cross (two traits) of parents who are heterozygous for both traits.

Let's say purple flowers are dominant over white and smooth textured pea seeds are dominant over wrinkled.

A) Nine of the offspring will have the phenotype of both dominant traits ... they will be purple flowers and smooth seeds;
B) Three offspring will have one of the dominant traits and one recessive trait. They would be purple flowers and wrinkled seed texture;
C) Three off spring will be the opposite of the "B" offspring as they will have white flowers and smooth seeds and;
D) One offspring will be both recessive traits of white and wrinkled.
The independent inheritance of two or more traits is called the
law of independent assortment. pg-181
Linked genes on homologous chromosome in sweat pea.
The genes for flower color and pollen shape are on the same chromosome, so they tend to be inherited together. pg-183
Crossing over during meiosis explains______________: the appearance of new combination's of alleles that were previously linked.
genetic recombination. pg-183
Crossing over recombines alleles on homologous chromosomes
(a). During prophase of meiosis I, replicated homologous chromosomes pair up.

(b). Nonsister chromatids of the two homologues exchange parts by crossing over.

(c). When the homologous chromosomes seperate during anaphase of meiosis I, one chromatid of each of the homologues now contain a piece of DNA from a chromatid of the other homologue.

(d). After meiosis II, two of the haploid daughter cells receive unchanged chromosomes, and two receive recombined chromosomes. The recombined chromosomes contain allele arrangements that did not occur in the original parental chromosomes. pg-183
In mammals, an individual's sex is determined by a special pair of chromosomes, the (1)___________.

Females have two identical sex chromosomes, called (2)___________, whereas males have one X chromosome and one (3)_____________.
(1). sex chromosomes
(2). X chromosomes
(3). Y chromosomes

pg-184
The(1) __ chromosome is much smaller than the (2)__ chromosome, but a small part of both sex chromosome is homologous. As a result the X and Y chromosomes pair up during prophase of meiosis I and separate during anaphase I.
(1). X
(2). Y
The other chromosomes, which occur in pairs that have identical appearance in both males and females, are called
autosomes. pg-184
The sex chromosomes carried by the sperm determines
the sex of the offspring. pg-184
Genes that are on one sex chromosome but are not on the other are said to be
sex-linked. pg-184
The Y chromosome contains a few dozen genes (probably (1)___), many which play a role in male reproduction.

The X chromosome contains more than (2)_____ genes, few which have a specific role in female reproduction.
(1). 80
(2). 1,000

pg-184-185
How does linkage of genes on the X chromosome affect inheritance?
Because they have two X chromosomes, females can be either homozygous or heterozygous for genes on the X chromosomes, and dominant versus recessive relationships among alleles will be expressed. Males in contrast, fully express all the alleles they have on their single X chromosome, whether those alleles are otherwise dominant or recessive.

pg-185
Color blindness is caused by
recessive alleles of either of two genes located on the X chromosome. pg-185
Sex-linked inheritance of color blindness
Color grids help people compare (a). normal color vision to (b). red-green color deficiency. Usually, an affected person isn't really color "blind" -he sees most of the colors that normal people see, but not as well. (c). A Punnet square showiing the inheritance of color blindness from heterozygous woman (Cc) to her sons. pg-185
Heterozygotes with one dominant allele have the same phenotype as homozygotes with two dominant alleles when ____________________.
one allele is completely dominant over a second allele. pg -186
When the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes, the pattern of inheritance is called
incomplete dominance. pg-186
When heterozygous express phenotypes of both of the homozygotes, the pattern of inheritance is called
codominance. pg-186
Incomplete dominance
The inheritance of hair texture in humans is an example of incomplete dominance in such cases, we use capital letters for both alleles; here C1 and C2, Homozygotes may have curly hair (C1,C1) or straight hair (C2,C2).

Heterozygotes (C1,C2) have wavy hair. The children of a man of a woman, both with wavy hair, may have curly, straight, or wavy hair, in the approximate ration of 1/4 curly, 1/2 wavy, 1/4 straight. pg-186
(1)_________ is a form of inheritance in which the interaction of two or more genes contribute to a single phenotype.
(1). polygenic inheritance

pg-187
A _______ is a person who is heterozygous for recessive genetic trait: The person is phenotypically healthy but can pass on his or her recessive allele to offspring.
carrier. pg-190
Albinism results
if an individual is homozygous for a mutant TYR allele that encodes a defective tytosinase enzyme. pg-190
Sickle-cell anemia results from
a mutation in the hemoglobin gene. The hemoglobin protein, which gives red blood cells their color, transports oxygen in the blood. In sickle-cell anemia, a change in a single nucleotide results in an incorrect amino acid at a crucial position in the hemoglobin molecule, altering its properties. pg-190