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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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urochordata
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-sea squirts
-adults are sessile but larvae swim around like fish -filter feeding -pharengeal gills-used for feeding/pumping water throughout body to filter out food |
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Cephalochordata
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lancelets
-external fertalization -adults burrow and filter feed through pharengeal gills -have cheveron like muscles-stream lined bodies |
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Myxinoidea
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-hagfish (Slime eel)
-cartilaginous skeleton -no jaws/teeth -tooth plate with keratin -scavengers |
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petromyzontoidea
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lampreys
-jawless (have suctional disk) -parasitic-suck onto animal and suck blood out -keratin on tongue scrapes hole and drinks blood -external fertalization -semelparous-breed once and die -anadromous-live in sea water and breed in fresh water |
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Ordavician period
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-480mya
-jawless fish first appeared -bone -endoskeleton- bony plates show upwell -head shields preserves best -deposit/filter feeder w/ excellent defensive armor |
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cartiliage
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510 mya
-gel -fibers-collagen -few cells -not stiff |
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bone
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480 mya
-lots of cells -metabolically active-need lots of oxygen to live -stiff and strong -calcium phosphate |
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Silurian period
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430 mya
-jaws |
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Chonxrichtyes
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-sharks, rays, ratfish
1000 species -cartiligous -skeleton is made of cartilage -protrusible upper jaw -paired fins-evolution of arm later |
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Actinopterygian
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fishes
most diverse-25,000 species diversification was because of jaws (had 2) -oral jaws-capture food -pharyngeal jaws-process food bony skeleton |
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Actinistia
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Coelacanth
-has a big fin lobe that has skeletal elements |
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Dipnoi
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Lung fish
-had lungs |
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Transition to land
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-fins-> limbs
-support body weight verticle column needed to get stronger -respiration-gills and skin-> lungs -feeding-filter feeding and suction and biting-> biting always needed to learn how to duck |
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Amphibia
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tetrapoda
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tiktaalik
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could duck its head to bite
skeletal fins with fin over lays |
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Why move to land?
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-oxygen
-escape from predators -less competition for food -water evaporation |
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Echinoderms have 5 lineages
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1) sea cucumbers
2) feather stars 3) brittle stars these are filter/.deposit feeders 4)Asteroidea-starfish 5)echinoidea-sea urchins |
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Asteroidea
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1700 species
adults are not bilateral -carnivorous -eat porifera/cnidarians, mollusks, starfish and fish crown of thorns- eat coral and kills all living thengs living in coral gastropod mollusk called triton eats crown of thorns |
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Echinoidea
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sea urchins
-edible -herbavores-eat kelp |
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Amphibians have how many lineages? and what are they?
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Anerua- Frogs
Caudata- Salamandars Caecilia-caecilia |
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Anura
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-Frogs
-means no tail -8 vertabrae -has two life stages -adults are carnivorous -larvae (tadpoles) are herbavores and breath with gills underwater -external fertilization (oviparous) and they do amplexus -have a wide array of parental care -5000 plus species |
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Amplexus
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a form of external fertilization where the male latches onto the female and when the female lays the egg they lay sperm on the eggs
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Caudata
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-Salamanders
-means tail amphibians -have 4 equal sized legs -some are lungless and they get their oxygen through skin -skin is toxic -oviparious/viviparous/ovoviviparous -mostly external fertilization/ some internal -lacks intromittant organ -500 species |
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Caecilia
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-burrowers
-live world wide in humid tropics -some are aquatic in freshwatter -have internal fertilization -intromittant organ -very toxic skin -wide array of parental care |
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Amniotic Egg
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-allantois-waste bag
-albumin-holds water and keeps hydrated -chorion-encloses embryo, and creates placenta -not first time egg can survive on land, insect eggs could before -appeared in the carboniferous 340 mya |
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First mamal like reptiles
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300 mya
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What is Endothermy?
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generate and regulate their heat content
-very constant temperature -evolved more than once in birds and mammals |
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What's great about Endothermy?
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-allows for animals to eprform bodily functions at low temepratures
-necessary to invade cold places -enzymatic optimization: works best at certain temperatures |
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Ectothermy
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cannot regulate their temperature at constant temp
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What's great about Ectothermy
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saves energy
variable food supply(doesn't always have to eat) |
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What do animals with endothermy need?
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-high metabolism
-high energy -high respiration -large water loss |
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What are turbinates
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-flat bones in nose that drys and moistens to save water
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Do birds have turbinates?
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No, but they have long necks that serves the same purpose
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Are dinosaurs endothermic?
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1) don't have turbinates
2) but have long bird like necks 3) large lungs 4)Crocs also have large lungs 5)Dino fossils with four chambered heart 6) crocs also have 4 chambered hearts 7) rapid bone growth in dinosaurs 8)pterosaurs flew up and hard to fly without high metabollic rate |
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Placenta
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structure that allows mothers to exchange nutrients and gases with embryo
-highly vascularized and surrounded by uterus -allows to make hormones -has umbilical cord -evolved more than once |
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Which mammals don't have placenta?
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echinida-spiny anteater
duck billed platypus |
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What do mammals have?
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fur
mammalry glands usually do a lot of parental care |
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Oviparity vs. Viviparity
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Oviparity:-has lots of eggs
-lots of embryos -lots of young animals -small and tiny-->defenseless -lots die Viviparity-few young -large and well able to take care of themselves |
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Ground up
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dinos on ground-> evolve scaly wings->evolve wings with feathers
-1st non flying primitive wings for balance and catch prey more efficently -verticle territory -wing assisted incline running data-chick going up incline |
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trees down
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-transition form: small bird like dinos with partial non functioning wings
-evolved features tuft to barbs to barbules -feathers were used first for insulation |
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Hominins
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closest ancestors and us
austrolopithecus, paranthropes, homos |
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Australopithecus
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ex:lucy
walked bipedally -450 cc brain case |
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Paranthropes
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heavy jaw, ate grains
500 cc |
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Different kinds of Homos
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Homo Erectus, Homo Neanderthalis, and Homo Sapiens
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Where did Homo Sapiens come from?
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out of africa
we wiped out all hominis |
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What is the Assimilation hypothesis
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-start out in Africa
-cross bred with neanderthalis -neanderthalis was in europe and had cultural rituals -not many of the same alleles with homo neanderthalensis so we most likely wiped them out |
