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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the basic functions of the nervous system? |
recognizes changes in the environment, processes and integrates these changes, and reacts to changes |
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division of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord |
Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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division of the nervous system that consists of all nervous tissue outside the CNS including a sensory and motor division |
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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division of the nervous system that controls voluntary movements by activating skeletal muscles |
somatic nervous system |
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this system is known as the "fight-or-flight"... |
sympathetic nervous system |
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this system is known as the "rest-and-digest" |
parasympathetic nervous system |
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What are the two basic categories of receptors of the ANS? |
cholinergic and adrenergic |
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receptors mediated by the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine with subtypes nicotinic n, nicotinic m, and muscarinic (PSNS) |
cholinergic receptors |
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receptors mediated by the neurotransmitter Epinephrine and Norepinephrine with subtypes alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2, and dopamine (SNS) |
adrenergic receptors |
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Muscarinic agonists are also known as? |
parasympathomimetic agents and cholinergic drugs |
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Muscarinic agonists prototype: |
bethanechol |
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(bethanechol) Muscarinic agonists MOA: |
interacts directly with muscarinic receptors to cause body responses typical of PSNS stimulation |
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(bethanechol) Muscarinic agonists contraindications: |
CV-hypotension, decreased CO endocrine-hyperthyroidism GI-gastric ulcers due to increase gastric acid, intestinal obstruction due to increase peristalsis, and recent bowel surgery due to increase gastric acid GU-urinary tract obstruction and cystitis Respiratory-asthma |
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(bethanechol) Muscarinic agonists ADR: |
CV-orthostatic hypotension, bradycardia GI-excessive salivation, increased gastric acid secretion, and diarrhea Respiratory-increased bronchial secretions, bronchospasms Eyes-blurred vision |
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What are the symptoms of muscarinic poisoning? |
profuse salivation, excessive lacrimation, visual disturbances, bronchospasm, diarrhea, bradycardia, and hypotension |
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What is the antidote/treatment for muscarinic poisoning? |
atropine-this is a parasympatholytic) |
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Muscarinic antagonists are also known as? |
parasympatholyics and anticholinergic drugs |
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Muscarinic antagonist prototype: |
atropine (Sal-Tropine); referred to as a belladonna alkaloid |
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(Atropine) Muscarinic antagonist MOA: |
produces receptor blockade by competing with ACh for binding at the muscarinic receptors |
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What are the therapeutic uses for atropine? (Muscarinic antagonist) |
eye exams surgery bradycardia intestinal hypertonicity and hypermotility |
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(Atropine) Muscarinic antagonist contraindications: |
glaucoma and iritis anything that would cause urinary retention |
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(Atropine) Muscarinic antagonist ADR: Mnemonic: "X NorEpinephrine U Caused Atropine Total" |
xerostomia
neared blurred vision and photophobia elevated IOP urinary retention constipation anhidrosis tachycardia |
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What are the symptoms of muscarinic antagonists overdose/'toxicity? |
dry mouth, blurred vision/photophobia, hyperthermia, CNS effects, death from resp depression |
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What is the treatment for muscarinic antagonist overdose? (atropine toxicity) |
physostigmine |
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How does physostigmine work? (atropine overdose antidote) |
inhibitis acetylcholinesterase |
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Cholinesterase inhibitors are also known as? |
parasympathomimetics |
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What are the two basic categories of cholinesterase inhibitors? |
reversible inhibitors (moderate duration of action) irreversible inhibitors (prolonged duration of action) |
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Reversible cholinesterase inhibitors prototype: |
neostigmine |
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(Neostigmine) Reversible cholinesterase inhibitors MOA: |
prevents the enzyme cholinesterase from inactivating ACh |
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(Neostigmine) Reversible cholinesterase inhibitors therapeutic goal: |
myasthenia gravis (MG)- autoimmune disease where body is attacking nerve endings |
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(Neostigmine) Reversible cholinesterase inhibitors special notes: |
only provides symptomatic relief dosage adjustments |