Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
CHO
|
aldehyde and ketone derivatives of polyhydroxyl alcohols or cmpds that yield these derivatives upon hydroysis
|
|
|
maltose
|
glucose + glucose
|
|
|
lactose
|
glucose + galactose
|
|
|
sucrose
|
glucose + fructose
|
|
|
polysaccharide
|
greater than ten molecules (starch)
|
|
|
starch
|
type of polysaccharide (amylose and amylopectin)
|
|
|
D-configuration
|
configuration of sugar in our bodies; alpha and beta forms are in equilibrium in aqueous soln.
|
|
|
glucose oxidase
|
method for glucose determination; doesn't react with alpha-D-glucose and is negative for reducing sugars; important for infants who are lactose or sucrose intolerant
|
|
|
mutarotase
|
added to convert all glucose to the beta-D-glucose steroisomer
|
|
|
copper reduction test
|
test that is positive for all reducing sugars; (negative for sucrose)
|
|
|
galactosemia
|
neonatal disorder; due to enzyme deficiency; D & V; mental retardation, cataracts, and liver damage
|
|
|
fructosuria
|
deficiency of fructokinase enzyme; causes ketosis, lactic acidosis, and liver failure when fruits, honey, or syrup are large part of intake
|
|
|
glycolysis
|
metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of ATP
|
|
|
gluconeogenesis
|
formation of G-6-P for AA and fat sources
|
|
|
glycogenesis
|
conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage
|
|
|
lipogenesis
|
conversion of glucose to fat
|
|
|
lipolysis
|
decomposition of fat
|
|
|
insulin
|
hormone produced by beta cells of pancreas; two chain polypeptide; LOWERS blood glucose; stimulates glycolysis, glycogenesis, and lipogenesis
|
|
|
glucagon
|
hormone produced by alpha cells of the pancreas; INCREASES blood glucose; stimulates glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis
|
|
|
ACTH
|
hormone from anterior pituitary; controls glucocorticoic secretion; indirectly increases blood glucose
|
|
|
Glucocorticoid (cortisol)
|
hormone from adrenal cortex; increases blood glucose; stimulates glucose adding processes
|
|
|
Epinephrine
|
hormone from adrenal medulla; increases blood glucose; stimulate glucose adding processes
|
|
|
growth hormone
|
hormone from anterior pituitary; increases blood glucose; stimulates glucose adding processes
|
|
|
Thyroxine (T4) and Thyronine (T3)
|
hormones from thyroid gland; increases blood glucose; stimulates glucose adding processes
|
|
|
diabetes mellitus; pancreatitis/pancreatectomy
|
reduced insulin secretion leads to these disorders
|
|
|
Type 1
|
diabetes due to lack of insulin
|
|
|
Type 2
|
diabetes due to insulin resistance or insulin deficiency
|
|
|
gestational
|
diabetes due to insulin resistance during gestation
|
|
|
other causes
|
diabetes due to endocrine/exocrine or specific drugs
|
|
|
ketoacidosis
|
happens when glucose can't get into cell, so fat (FFA) is broken down and lipogenesis is stimulated; causes a decrease in blood pH
|
|
|
Type II
|
NIDDM; adult onset (>40); variable insulin secretion; insulin independent; not prone to ketoacidosis or complications
|
|
|
gestational diabetes
|
occurs during pregnancy (1-14%); tx with diet or insulin; becomes normal after pregnancy
|
|
|
@ low risk for gestational diabetes
|
<25; normal wt. before pregnancy; no known diabetes in 1st degree relatinve; no hx of abnormal glucose tolerance or poor obstetric outcome
|
|
|
<126 mg/dl
|
normal fasting blood glucose
|
|
|
>200 mg/dL
|
random blood glucose level; polyuria, polyphagia, polydipisa
|
|
|
CHO diet or 300 g/day for 3 days prior to test; overnight fasting; may drink water; no meds
|
OGTT; pt prep
|
|
|
draw fasting blood; 75g CHO (glucose drink); draw blood after 30 min, 1 hr, and 2 hr.
|
OGTT; procedure
|
|
|
OGTT
|
this test is rarely necessary for dx of diabetes; suffers from poor reproducibilty and should be performed 2 x's before diagnosis of DM is given
|
|
|
IGTT
|
give this test when patient has malabsorption due to GI surgery or gastric problems; patient prep similar to OGTT
|
|
|
IGTT
|
give pt 0.5g glucose/kg bw/IV over 30 minutes
|
|
|
hyperglycemia/glucosuria; ketonuria; acidosis (pH<7.35); anionic gap increased; hyperosmolarity (>350, BUN and glucose); BUN increased (due to protein catabolism)
|
DM lab findings
|
|
|
acidosis
|
nitroprusside test positive (reacts with ketoacids);
|
|
|
blood gas analysis with acidosis
|
Low pH; low bicarbonate, high anion gap; high glucose
|
|
|
glycated hgb
|
normal=<6%
goal=<7% |
|
|
glycated hgb testing guideline
|
if unstbale perform quarterly; if stable perform twice a yr; do lipid profile and microalbumin yearly
|
|
|
glycated hgb
|
this concentration representss the integrated values of glucose over the preceding 6 to 8 wks;
|
|
|
glycation
|
process of non-enzymatic addition of a sugar molecule to the amino group of a protein; glycation is an irreversible process
|
|
|
glycosylated hgb
|
normal = 5-7%
uncontrolled diabetes = 11-15% |
|
|
glycosylated hgb methodology
|
ion-exchange chromatography; HPLC (GOLD STANDARD); and immunoassay
|
|
|
hypoglycemia
|
blood glucose conc. below the fasting level; weakness/trembling, headache/lightheaded, epigastric discomfort, hunger, & rapid pulse
|
|
|
postprandial hypoglycemia
|
clinical disorder in which the pt has postprandial symptoms that occur in everyday life and are accompanied by glucose level <45-50 mg/dL
|
|
|
fasting hypoglycemia
|
hypoglycemia that may be due to a decreased rate of hepatic glucose production or an in creased rate of glucose utilization
|
|
|
insulin overdose hypoglycemia
|
caused by insulin secreting tumor or deficiency or hyperglycemic hormone
|
|
|
drug induced hypoglycemia
|
due to ethanol, propanol, or salicylate
|
