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33 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is a valence electron?
an electron that resides in the outer most shell of an atom.
The number of valence electrons is equal to the _____________ on the periodic table.
group number
how many valence electrons do the halogens have?
7 valence electrons
How many valence electrons do the noble gases have?
8 valence electrons (except He which has 2 valence electrons)
What are electrons repulsed by?
Other electrons
What are electrons attracted by?
Protons in the nucleus
What is an effective nuclear charge?
the net (+) charge that an electron sees from the nucleus.
Why can the experimental value of effective nuclear charge be greater than the calculated value?
The probability plots of the outer electrons has regions close to the nucleus, meaning the electron sees a larger positive charge.
Which directions does the effective nuclear charge increase on the periodic table?
From left to right and top to bottom
Why does the effective nuclear charge increase from left to right on the periodic table?
Because the number of core electrons (shielding) stays the same but the number of protons increases.
Why does the effective nuclear charge increase form top to bottom?
Because the (# of protons)-(# of shielding electrons) remains the same down a group, but larger electron cores don't shield as well.
What is the atomic radius?
the distance from the center of a nucleus to outer most electrons.
In which directions on the periodic table does the atomic radius increase?
From right to left on the periodic table and from top to bottom.
Why does the atomic radius increase form right to left?
Because i decrease between the effective nuclear charge means less of an attraction of the outer electrons to the protons in the nucleus.
Why does the atomic radius increase from top to bottom?
Filling the electrons in the shells farther form the nucleus increases the distance.
Do cations or anions have a smaller atomic radius than their parent atoms?
Cations
Do cations or anions have a larger atomic radius than their parent ions?
Anions
Why are cations smaller than their parent atoms?
Because removing an outer electron means that we have a shorter distance from the nucleus to the outer electron.
Why are anions larger than their parent atoms?
Because by adding outer electrons means there is more distance form nucleus to outer electrons.
what are some characteristics of metals?
They tend to form (+) ions easily, they are easy to oxidize, react with oxygen to form basic oxides, they react with water to form hydroxides, hydrogen gas, and heat.
In what directions does the metallic character increase on the periodic table?
The metallic character increases form right to left and from top to bottom. This is because the hold on valence electrons get weaker.
What is Ionization Energy?
the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous ground state atom or ion.
In which directions does the ionization energy increase on the periodic table?
From left to right and from bottom to top.
Why does the ionization energy increase from left to right?
because the effective nuclear charge increases, so the outer electrons are bound more tightly.
Why does the ionization energy increase form bottom to top?
The atomic radius is decreasing, so electrons are closer to the nucleus and bound more tightly.
Is the first or second ionization energy larger?
The second
What is electron affinity?
The affinity or willingness of a gaseous ground state ion or atom to add an electron.
Is adding an electron usually endo or exothermic?
Exothermic, so electron affinities are usually negative.
In which directions do the electron affinity increase on the periodic table?
From left to right
Why does the electron affinity increase from left to right?
The further right is more likely to fill a subshell.
Why is there generally no change in electron affinity form top to bottom?
the increase in electrons and electron repulsion is balanced out by the larger and more spread out shells.
Do noble gases have a positive or negative electron affinity?
A positive because it is hard to add an electron to a completely filled sub shell.
Why do the group 5 elements have more positive electron affinities?
Because they already have a half full sub shell, it is difficult to add an electron to a half filled sub shell.