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79 Cards in this Set
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psychoactive
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drugs that affect feelings, thoughts, perceptions, or behavior
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drug abuse:
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Drug-taking behavior resulting in some form of physical, mental, or social impairment.
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drug dependence
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Condition in which an individual feels a compulsive need to continue taking a drug. In the process, the drug assumes an increasingly central role in the individuals life.
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drug misuse
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Drug-taking behavior in which a prescription or nonprescription drug is used inappropriately.
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licit
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Drugs whose manufacture, sale, or possession is legal.
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illicit
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Drugs whose manufacture, sale, or possession is illegal.
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placebo effect
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Any change in a person’s condition after taking a drug, based solely on that persons beliefs about the drug rather than on any physical effects on the drug.
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Risk factors
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Young people who take drugs are more inclined to attend school irregularly, have poor relationships with their parents, or get into trouble in general. Perceived prevalence of marijuana use by friends in and out of school and the perceived prevalence of use in the community. Individual attitudes towards marijuana smoking and the attitude of friends is also a risk factor. Inclination toward delinquent behavior. Easy to get.
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Protective factors
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An intact and positive home environment (Strong parent-child attachment) A positive educational experience (aspirations/expectations to go to college) Conventional peer relationships (social conforming attitudes among peers. Positive attitudes and beliefs.
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High School Seniors in 2009
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This study monitors the future of High School Seniors in 2009. It shows the percents of drugs such as Marijuana(35%) Cocaine (5%) MDMA (5%) LSD 2%.
U.S. High School Seniors: - Illicit drug use prevalence rates peaked in 1979 (Baby boomers) - Steady decline in usage rates until about 1993 - Usage rates rise from 1993 to 2001, slight decline since then - In 2003, 39% reported illicit drug use in the past year, compared to 54% in 1979 |
*Caucasian is more likely to binge drink and smoke.
*One disadvantage is that is not focus on high school drop outs. |
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Therapeutic Index:
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The measure of a drug’s relative safety for use, computed by the ratio of the lethal dose for 50% of the population over the effective dose for 50% of the population: LD50/ED50
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Example: LD50 for drug X is 15 mg and the ED50 is 5mg, then the Therapeutic Index=3.
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toxicity
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The physical or psychological harm that a drug might present to the user.
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effective dose
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Minimal dose of a particular drug necessary to produce the intended drug effect in a given percentage to the population
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Lethal dose
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The minimal dose of a particular drug capable of producing death in a given percentage of the population.
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DAWN
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Drug Abuse Warning Network - A federal program in which metropolitan hospitals report the incidence of drug-related lethal and nonlethal emergencies.
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ED mention
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The substances (mentioned) referred to by the patient during a given ED episode (An instance of a person coming to the emergency department of a hospital seeking treatment for drug related problem.
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ME mention
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The substances involved in a particular drug related death, as reported by the medical examiner (ME)
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acute
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The physical or psychological harm a drug might present to the user immediately or soon after the drug is ingested into the body.
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chronic
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The physical or psychological harm a drug might cause over a long period of use.
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behavioral tolerance
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The process of drug tolerance that is linked to drug-taking behavior occurring consistently in the same surroundings or under the same circumstances. Also known as conditioned tolerance.
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physical tolerance
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The capacity of a drug to produce a gradually diminished physical or psychological effect upon repeated administrations of the drug at the same dose level.
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physical dependence
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A model of drug dependence based on the idea that the drug abuser continues the drug-taking behavior to avoid the consequences of physical withdrawal symptoms.
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psychological dependence
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A model of drug dependence based on the idea that the drug abuser is motivated by a craving for the pleasurable effects of the drug.
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Substance abuse
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A diagnostic term used in clinical psychology and psychiatry that identifies an individual who continues to take a psychoactive drug despite the fact that the drug-taking behavior creates specific problems for that individual.
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Drugs and Pregnancy?
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12% of pregnancy women report smoking cigarettes. 14% report consuming some alcohol (underestimates due to social desirability) Increased risk of miscarriage/spontaneous abortion and malformation of fetus during early phases of pregnancy (4-8 weeks) During use after 8th month- more likely to experience growth retardation, pre-maturity, and neurological damage.
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pharmacological
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Violent acts committed while under the influence of a particular psychoactive drug, with the implication that the drug caused the violence to occur.
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economically compulsive
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- Violent acts that are committed by a drug abuser to secure money to buy drugs.
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systemic violence
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Violence that arises from the traditionally aggressive patterns of behavior within a network of illicit drug trafficking and distribution.
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Safety Margin
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The ratio of a lethal dose for 1% of the population to the effective dose of 99% of the population
Example: LD1 / ED99 |
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1970 Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act
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The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 was an attempt to organize the control of drugs under five classifications called 5 schedules of controlled substances.
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Schedule I — high potential for abuse, no accepted medical use
heroin, LSD, mescaline, marijuana, PCP Schedule II — high potential for abuse, some accepted medical use codeine, morphine, cocaine, methadone, amphetamines, short-acting barbiturates Schedule III — some potential for abuse, accepted medical use (with potential dependence) barbiturates, codeine or opium in alcohol mixtures Schedule IV — low potential for abuse, accepted medical use antianxiety drugs and sedative-hypnotics Schedule V — minimal potential for abuse, widespread medical use prescription cough medicines not containing codeine, laxatives |
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zero tolerance policy
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objective is to totally eliminate illicit drug taking behavior.
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harm reduction policy
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objective is to minimize the medical, psychological, and social costs associated with drug-taking behavior.
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Routes of administering drugs
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Oral administration (by mouth)
Injection (intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous injection) Inhalation (smoking) Absorption through the skin or membranes (intranasal sniffing, sublingual absorption, rectal suppository, Transdermal patch) |
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Weight
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- A heavier person will require a greater amount of a drug than a lighter person to receive an equivalent drug effect, all other things being equal.
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Gender
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Women have, on average, a higher proportion of fat, due to greater fat-to-muscle ratio, and a lower proportion of water than men. The lower water content makes people feel more intoxicated.
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Ethnicity
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Many Asian people have low levels of one of the enzymes that normally breaks down alcohol in the liver shortly before it is excreted. Caucasians have a faster rate of biotransformation of antipsychotic and antianxiety medications than Asians and end up with a relatively lower concentrations of drugs in the blood.
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additive
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Two drugs mixed making the equivalent combination effect.
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Hyper-additive (synergistic)
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The property of a drug interaction in which the combination effect of two drugs exceeds the effect of either drug administered alone.
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Potentiation
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The property of a synergistic drug interaction in which one drug combined with another drug produces an enhanced effect when one of the drugs alone would have had no effect.
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Antagonistic
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Acute effect of one drug is diminished to some degree when administered with another.
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Cross-tolerance
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Person develops tolerance to a certain drug (alcohol) causes cross tolerance for a different drug with similar biopsycho effects such as
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Cross dependence
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One drug can be used to reduce the withdrawal symptoms following the discontinuance of another drug.
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Nervous System
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N.S is designed to do 2 things: to take information from the environment around us and to control our bodily responses so that we can live effectively in that environment.
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Peripheral Nervous System
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PNS: composed of nerves and nerve fibers carrying info to CNS and rest of body.
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Somatic
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movement that is voluntary, consious, and controlled. Reaching for something.
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Autonomic
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controls blushing and breathing.
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Parasympathetic
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breathing and heart rate slows, digestion occurs, pupil constricts.
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Sympathetic system
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fight/flight, ready for action.
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Stimulants (cocaine, adderol)
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STIMULATE sympathetic system and DEPRESS parasympathetic or both.
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Parasympathetic
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Relaxes body
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Depressants (alcohol)
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STIMULATES parasympathic and DEPPRESSES sympathetic system or both.
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Medulla
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controls breathing, blood pressure and heart rate. Alcohol impacts this section (too much can kill you, so your body tells you to get rid of the excess alcohol by vomiting—vomiting saves lives!
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Pons
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Controls alertness and sleep
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Cerebellum
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controls balance and coordination
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Midbrain:
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controls sensory and motor reflexes.
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Forebrain
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very complex, controls emotions and higher thinking. Psychological dependence on substance is likely located here.So many things can go wrong in the brain to impact not only chronic illness but personality differences, emotional stability and intelligence, etc.
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Neuron Cell body
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Comprising the bulk of the neuron and containing the nucleus
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Dendrites
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relatively short appendages that receive information from the outside (the environment or other neurons)
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Axon
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Relatively long appendage that transmits information outward to muscles or other neurons
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Blood Brain Barrier
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A system whereby some substances in the bloodstream are excluded from entering the nervous system. Fat solubility is a key factor in the ability of a drug to pass through the blood-brain barrier.
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When a neuron is excited-
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it emits a greater number of nerve impulses per second.
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When a neuron is inhibited-
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it emits a lesser number of nerve impulses per second.
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Reuptake
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The process by which a neurotransmitter returns from the receptor site back to the synaptic knob.
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Synapse
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The juncture between neurons. It consists of a synaptic knob, the intervening gap, and receptor sites on a receiving neuron.
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Acetylcholine
Glutamate-excitatory; associated with drug craving |
stimulates parasympathetic branch (alertness and rest); related to our memor7
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Norepinephrine
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sympathetic autonomic responses and regulates mood
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Dopamine
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motor control and emotionality
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Serotonin
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regulates sleep and mood levels
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Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
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inhibits the body;anti-anxiety
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Endorphins
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body’s natural pain killers
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Acute Cocaine Effects
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Powerful burst of energy, general sense of well-being, aphrodisiac properties disputed, heart rate and respiration are increased, heart rate and respiration are increased, appetite is diminished, blood vessels constrict and blood pressure is increased, pupils are dilated, cocaine + alcohol = cocaethylene toxity
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Chronic Cocaine Effects
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Hallucinations (cocaine psychosis), continuously stuffy or runny nose, bleeding of nasal membranes (if cocaine has been snorted), intense cocaine craving.
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Acute Amphetamine Effects
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Fast breathing, high blood pressure, euphoria and invincibility, alert and energized.
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Chronic Amphetamine Effects
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Hallucinations, compulsive and repetitive behavior, teeth grinding, tendencies towards violence, amphetamine psychosis
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Crack
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The hydrochloride is removed from the salt form of cocaine. Cheaper and safer. Much more effective when smoked than snorted because of being inhaled. Women who have children tend to abuse them more often if on crack cocaine. Crack is more addictive, b/c it gets into the system faster and has shorter effects. Crack users are more likely to have disrupted daily lives as a result of habit, b/c it is more time consuming.
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Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder:
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Impulsive behavior. Prescribed: Ritalin, Adderall, Vyvanse. They improve behavior and learning ability in 60-80% of children diagnosed correctly. About 70% of children taking this stimulant medication for ADHD respond sucessfully.
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Cocaine History
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1200s–1532: Coca chewing practiced by Incans in Peruvian and Bolivian Andes
1859: Alfred Niemann isolates cocaine as the active ingredient in coca leaves 1863: Angelo Mariani markets a mixture of coca and wine called Vin Mariani 1884: Sigmund Freud praises cocaine use 1903: Coca-Cola Company removes cocaine from its formulation of Coca-Cola 1914: Harrison Act prohibits cocaine, along with heroin 1980s: Crack cocaine abuse is rampant in America |
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Acute Effects of Heroin
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Lowered body temp, decreased blood, skin flushed, constipation, decreased sex drive, muscular relaxation, nodding, stupor, analgesic, euphoria
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Chronic Effects of Heroin
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Elevated body temperature, increased blood pressure, goose flesh, runny nose, diarrhea, yawning, panting, sneezing, spontaneous ejaculations and orgasms, restlessness, insomnia, pain, depression and anxiety.
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