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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which dynasty was the dawn of chinese civilization?
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Shang Dynasty
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Which was the first chinese dynasty?
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Xia Dynasty
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Who was the ruler of the Xia Dynasty?
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Yu
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What was Yu attributed to doing?
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He introduced irrigation and the draining of floodwaters for the Northern China Plain.
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When did the Shang Dynasty start?
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16th century BCE
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What was the late Shang Capital?
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Anyang
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What was found at the site of Anyang?
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Oracle bones, ox and chicken bones, or turtle shells.
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What were oracle bones, ox and chicken bones, or turtle shells used for?
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used by the Shang rulers to seek divination and commnication with the gods.
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What was the major occupaton of the Shang aristocrats?
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War
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What was the main profit of the Shang Dynasty?
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agriculture
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How was combat done in the Shang Dynasty?
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on two-horses chariots
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How do archaeologists think the chariot arrived in China?
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The Shang ruling class may have invaded China from other places in Asia.
Or the chariot may have arrived thru contact with nearby regions. |
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What support has come for the neighboring region chariot theory?
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There are corpses in Xinjiang. They ave physical characteristics of Europeans and wear European-like clothes.
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With what assistance did the Shang king rule with?
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A central bureaucracy
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How was the Shang realm divided?
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a number of territories which were led by chieftrains. He could dispose them at will.
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What else was the Shang King responsible for?
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Defense. He controlled large armies that fought on the fringes of the kingdom.
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How was the transcendent importance of the ruler shown?
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In his burial tomb and the ritual sacrifaces done at his death.
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What was the purpose of oracle bones?
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to communicate with the gods
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Did the Chinese rulers believe in supernatural forces?
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Yes, they thought they could attain a divine intervention on matters in the world.
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What was was the King's place with the people and heaven?
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he was the medium in which everything was communicated.
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What were some of the afterlife rituals of the Shang?
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Some human sacrifice, but that was only to accompany the King in his afterlife
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Neolithic Period, what was the basic social unit?
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It was the village.
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How were the villages organized?
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They were organized into nuclear family units, and all residents took a common clan name. Some villages had more than one clan.
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In Shang Dynasty, did classes become very defined?
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Yes
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What are the Shang best known for?
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Their bronze casting of untensils, weapons, and ritual objects
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Which aggressive young state overthrew the Shang Dynasty?
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The Zhou
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How long did the Zhou Dynasty survive?
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800 years
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Who was the last of the Shang leaders described as?
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a tyrant who oppressed people
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Where is the Zhou capital?
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near present day city of Xian
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What was the political structure of the Zhou like?
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Like the Shang, it had several ministries for rites, education, law, and public work
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Principalities
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what the zhou kingdom was divided into, governed by members of heriditary aristocracy
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Rites of Zhou
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document in statecraft
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"Mandate of heaven"
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Heaven kept the king as a representative
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When did the Zhou dynasty begin to decline?
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6th century BCE
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What happened during this period?
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Many internal rivalries between states
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What was the "well field system"?
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farmland divided into nine segments
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Trade
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carried out by merchants and artisans, were property of landlords
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Slaves
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irrigations projects, menial tasks
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What was a major innovation in the Zhou Dynasty?
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large-scale water control projects
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Food Production
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developments: iron plowshares, natural ferlilizer, collar harness, leaving land fallow to preserve nutrients
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Silk
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Most important for trade, used in Shang bronzes, cloths, Zhou tombs
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With trade an Manufacturing, what did China strive to do?
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form a money economy
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Shang Di
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The transcendent god, developed into heaven
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Yin Yang
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good, bad
male, female light, dark yang-sun yin-moon |
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Who was the father of Confucianism?
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Kung Fuci, Confucius
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Analects
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his "bible", a book of his way of doing things
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Main concepts of Confucianism
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relationships, duty, respect to elders
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Dao
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Each human being had a "way" in life, duty
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Duty
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put family and community first
if person followed his duty, then whole community would prosper |
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"Human-heartedness"
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"Do not do unto others what you would not wish done to yourself"
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Legalism
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People will only listen to punishment
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Daoism
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let life take its course
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deceased human beings
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were in atmosphere all the time, family members had to take of proper rituals or evil spirits would follow them around
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End of Zhou Dynasty
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"Period of Warring States"
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Qin
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Young state that defeated all rivals
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Qin Dynasty
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Leader: Qin Shi Huangdi
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Politics
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Legalism adopted
anyone who opposed was punished |
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How did legalism shape the Qin govt.?
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highly centralized bureaucracy
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three primary ministries
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civil, censorate, and military authority
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two levels of administration
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provinces and counties
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How were people in Qin administration chosen rule?
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by merit
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What else did the emperor centralize?
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system of weight and measures, monetary system, and writings
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Qin merchants
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"parasites"
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Xiongnu
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nomadic aggressive nomads from the north
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What was used to protect against them?
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The Great Wall of China
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Yurts
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nomads travelled in them
circular tents to carry things in |
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Legalism in Qin
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did not give total security to state or maximum efficiency
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enunchs
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were personal servants to royal family when the aristocrats posed as threat
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Leader of Han Dynasty
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peasant named Han Gaozu
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What was the official ideology of the Han Dynasty?
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Confucianism
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What was State Confucianism?
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The integration of Confucianism doctrine with Legalist Practice
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grand council
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had reprensentatives from all 3 segments of the govt.
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What was the greatest population of the Han Dynasty?
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60 million
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What were some of the things that peasants faced?
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military service and forced labor once a month
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What affect did the greater population have on the Han?
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People did not have enough farmland
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How did people manage?
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The peasants sold their land to landlords and became tenants of their farms.
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What problems lead to the downfall of the Dynasty?
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The shortage of land led people fighting
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What were some of the accomplishments of the Han?
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major expansion of trade, strict conduct with merchants
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Where did Han trade?
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Central and Southeast Asia
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What major item was invented under the Han?
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PAPER
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Maritime inventions
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The rudder and fore-and-aft rigging
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Wang Mang
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reformist who seized power from Han court
died in a coup d'etat |
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Power Vacuum
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Every noble family was trying to gain more power during the fall of the Han
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Cao Cao
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general who finally seized power from the Han
was unable to keep the power so went into anarchy |
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What happened to China?
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Went into an anarchy
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Family
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becoming more important as there was need for cooperation for agriculture
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hierarchical system
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placed in each family so every body knew their place
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stable family systems
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put loyalty to family and clan over loyalty to state
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Qin - stable family
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tried to destroy clan system
fined heavy taxes for any family who had two sons to break down the family concept |
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Han - Family
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revived the family unit, basic economic unit
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houses
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wooden planks, later brick and tile
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furniture
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little - people sit on floors
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clothing
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cotton trousers and shirts
wool in winter |
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staple foods
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millet - north
rice - south wheat, barley, soybeans, mustard greens, and bamboo shoots |
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Alcohol
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ale
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cities
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started as small towns, but by Han there were major cities
(Chang'an) |
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women
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secondary, took care of kids, housework, no property, taught to accept their secondary role in life
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women - politics
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some rulers of wife, or other royal women were influential to the court
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pottery
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found at neolithic sites
form and design |
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Shang Dynasty - culture
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things made of bronze were starting to arise
bronze vessels used for food and drinks at ancestral rites. |
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bronze casting
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major business, 10000+ vessels have been made
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iron casting
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8th or 9th century BCE
4th - invented blast furnace |
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Lacquer
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ceramic material made out of the resinous material of trees
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terra-cotta army
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Qin Emporer tomb
all life size, each diff. stance diff. head shapes |
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Han Emporer burial
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similar soldiers
smaller than life-size |
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Language
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characters, some represent things and some represent ideas
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calligraphy
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language as an art form
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language problem
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different languages of chinese, but same writing system, so that was easy
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Literature
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Zhou Dynasty - Rites of Zhou
Analects, the Way of Dao, poetry, etc. |
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Music
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for relaxation
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Insturments
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flutes, strings, bells and chimes, drums, gourds
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