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81 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What happens in terms of language at 1 month?
- Cooing
What happens in terms of language at 6 month?
- Babbling - This combined consonant with voels to produce a syllable (Ex: ba, gi)
What do all babies of all cultures do?
They use the same sounds including sounds from all languages that they have never heard.
What's significant about language and deaf babies.
Deaf babies babble manually if there is signing in the family.
What happens in terms of language at 10-12 month?
Babies bable more in the language of their parents.

They use declarative, imperative, and interrogative innotation (Ex: Dada, Dada? Dada!)
Echolalia is what?
repetitions of particular syllables (Ex: dadadadaa, babababab)
What happens at around 12-13 months?
- First words appear
- Holophrases - these are single words to convey sentences (Ex: Milk! --> I want milk)
What happens at 1.5 years?
- 40-50 words
- The nouns occur before the verbs
- Babies understand more much more than they say.
What happens at 1.5-2 years?
The MLU is 2-3 words.
(Ex: Mommy sock)

- Telegraphic speech - this is speech that can have more than one speech (That's mommy's socks)
At 1.5 - 2 years, what are inflections and auxilary verbs?
They omit inflections (no S on plurals) and they omit auxiliary verbs (“ed” at the end of words)
What happens at 18-2 years?
There is a naming explosion.
- 300 words
How many words do children know by 3 years?
3000 words. There is more complexity, add some inflections, overregulation (goodest, bestest) and they learn some rules of past tense

They create sentences no one has ever heard.
What happens at 5-6?
- They have trouble with sounds like TH.

- Children’s grammar has its own rules system though unlike adults rule system.
What is extending the class?
Kids generally over extend words more than they under extend them (Ex: anythign furry will be a kitty, or anything with 4 legs is a kitty)
These classes are unique to each child?
yes they are
What are pivot words?
These are common words used with many others.

(Daddy go ---> go town) So the GO is a pivot word.
What are X words?
These are words used with the pivot.

(Daddy go ---> go town)
Daddy is X word, town is X word.
How does talking to children affect their vocabulary?
It increases their vocabulary.
What is infant directed speech?
1. Higher pitched and slower

2. Sentence are short, simple and grammatical (There's the ball)

3. Few modifies or clauses (No "If its not too much trouble")

4. Vocabulary is limited and concrete (no abstract) --> (No "Liberty, Justice, and Freedom")

5. Adults advance complexity as child advances. Adult stays ahead of the child.

6. Much repetition
What does the behaviorist theory say?
The oldest theory
- Immitation
Problem: Children make sentence they've never heard before.
What does reinforcement under behaviorist theory say?
- Widely discarded
- Adults around child shape the child's first sounds into sentences by reinforcing the correct word.
What did BF Skinner not consider?
Parents respond to the truth value of a child sentence.
What is important to know about parental corrections?
Parental corrections are ineffective if the child is not ready.
What is the Nativist-Innateness Theory?
Noam Chomsky

- The same sequence of development is seen in all kids all over the world
In the Nativist Theory, what is the LAD?
Language acquisitioning device.
- It operates for the DEEP STRUCTRES of language.
-  This is transformed in surface structures by the cultures set of rules, a process called Transformational Grammar
What are Creole Languages?
- Several different language groups now with children born in a new country.
Explain the Constructivist Theory: Between Environment & The innate
It asks "Which comes first, language or cognition? Which comes first the word or its meaning?" The answer is both.
When does a child's first words appear?
A child’s first words occur at the same time as symbolic play (drinking from an empty cup)..around 10-12 cups.
If language is late, then
symbolic play and imitation are also late
What is Referential?
Early vocab mostly consists of nouns.

They do not rote strings of words - (Ex: “I don’t know where it is”)
What is Expressive?
Use more diverse parts of speech, particularly pronouns, use speech to communicate with adults.

They use rote strings
"What is this?"
Most deaf kids are born to hearing parents and grow up with...
major problems in speaking
Why do they have major issues with speaking?
Because they missed a critical period in language
What has been observed in families of kids with high self esteem?
a) Parents themselves have high self esteem

b) Women helped by having a close relationship with their fathers

c) Mother have more affectionate, they are positive, and they praise the children for their achievements. They are clearly interested in their children and children are told nice things about themselves.
With regard to empathy, a child at 1 – ½ attempts to...
help someone with what would have help them.
(Ex: Baby crying on TV. Other baby wanting to help that baby)
Around 2-3 a child may help in a
non egocentric way
(ex: Bringing pills to a sick mom)
What did Carol Gilligan say?
a) Gender differences in empathizing in the world
b) Men = more justice centered
c) Women = more caring
Unpopular kids are less skilled at...
empathy and reading others’ intentions.
What is Hostility Attributional Bias?
Where unpopular kids assume it’s hostile despite it not being hostile. So this makes them aggressive and upset.
If you an older brother the younger child is more...
active and aggressive.
With older brother with younger sisters tend to be...
more of tom boys.
With older sister a child tends to be less...
aggressive and somewhat more dependent.
In a divorce, The mother becomes ________ and ________ while the father (more often absent) becomes ________ and ________.
The mother becomes stricter and demanding while the father (more often absent) becomes permissive and indulgent.
In a divorce, the kids then oppose the ______ and comply with the ______.
The kids then oppose the mother and comply with the father.
Which is better: A divorced parents and stability or constantly fighting parents?
Divorce and stability are better BUT NO POSITIVE EFFECTS ARE SEEN UNTIL AFTER THE FIRST YEAR.
Which sex of children has more difficulties with divorce, boys or girls?
Boys
Divorce parents are less ___________, ___________, ___________, have lack of ___________ and show more ___________ discipline.
Divorce parents are less affectionate, demanding, communicative, have lack of control and show more inconsistent discipline.
Kids are reinforced for ___________ less _____ the time. And _____ are reinforced less than ______.
Kids are reinforced for compliance less than half the time

Boys are reinforced less than girls
Over 2 years, mother responses became ______ reinforcing and fathers became ______ reinforcing.
h) Over 2 years, mother responses became more reinforcing and fathers became less reinforcing.
Kids, especially ______, were still showing more negative behavior to ______ than ______.
Kids, especially sons, were still showing more negative behavior to mothers than father.
After two years, ______ had improved and ______ behavior in ______ had disappeared.
After two years, boys had improved and disruptive behavior in girls had disappeared.
After two years, ______are still having trouble ______, doing less well in school, and showing ______ aggressive behavior to other kids and teachers.
After two years, boys are still having trouble concentrating, doing less well in school, and showing more aggressive behavior to other kids and teachers.
Difficult children suffer more and are more likely to_____________ and show _________ behavior.
Difficult children suffer more and are more likely to drop out of school and show antisocial behavior.
All kids of divorce end up
being more angry and depressed.
What happens to the school work of kids in divorces?
Their school work declines.
With children in divorces, more antagonist relationships are found among ________ except ________
Siblings. some pairs of female siblings who help support each other.
What are the symptoms of preschool children who have been through divorce.
- bed wetting
- new fears
- more regression
- whining
- less smiling
- more mouting
- more scowling
Why do children feel responsible for their parents problems?
Because they are egocentric.
What is transductive reasoning?
Example: When a child says, "i wish my mom would disappear", and so she just happens to die. The child would now think that just because she died it was his fault.
How does divorce affect school aged children?
They are bitter and angry with the custodial parent.

They are also afraid they will leave too.
How are foster children affected by divorce?
It teaches them to not get attached. They need a stable family, if not, they turn out pretty bad.
How might teenagers act out as a result of divorce?
Sexually. "Why be faithful when it wont last anyway"
What are some general things that happens to teenagers in a divorce?
Anger
Moral indignation
They worry about their own marriages in the future.
They may somewhat withdraw from both parents
How do males and females in college differ WRT their divorced parents?
Females say their martial roles as less valuable than students with still married parents, while males saw theirs as more valuable than males with married parents.
Children who looked most psychologically health after 5 years are those ________
with regular supportive contacts with the father.
How long does the worst effects take to be over?
1-2.
What did the Wallerstein and Kelly study show?
ages 3-19, half the kids in the study saw a second divorce within 10 years of the first,
What are reconstituted families
They are step families.
Mother-Step father; the daughter has troubles...why?
Disruption to strong ties with the mother.
Why are father-step mother relationships unusual?
The mother could be troubled, so the children would be with the father.

Are there extreme kids that the mother cant handle?
What is divorce mediatioon?
A way to settle custody, property, child decision issues without adversarial atmosphere of court.
What is self concept?
The broad idea of “who I am” which includes The Existential Self and The Reflective Observer.
What is the existential self?
It is the sense of being separate and distinct from others. The longer life?
What is the reflective self?
Definition of self in terms of categories. Appearance, desires, personality, etc.
What is a characteristic of popular kids?
positive, supportive, and non aggressive toward peers.
What are some ways to make your kids popular?
- Give kids opportunities to play with other kids
- Discourage aggression in their kids.
- Provide toys or sports equipment
- Good for groups (ping pong table, basketball, and so on)
- Try not to frustrate kids
- Like their kids and tell them so.
- Boys: warm father figure.
How do boys and girls differ in the way they are friends?
Girls are less likely to cross SESs while boys are (if he's cool and plays sports)

Guys are more open, have larger groups, more competitive, while girls are less competitive.
When is the influence of peers and conformities highest in teens?
12-14
What are cliques?
4-6 number of same sex people strongly attached to each other.
What are crowds?
Groups of males and females?
What are the characteristics of a crowd?
• Gives a person a chance to try out social behavior in a more protected group environment.
• Crowd breaks into heterosexual cliques and couples.