Childhood And Adolescence Chapter 3

Front 1

genotype

Back 1

genetic information that determines our species and influences all our characteristics

Front 2

phenotype

Back 2

directly observable characteristics- depend on genotype and environmental factors

Front 3

chromosomes

Back 3

rodlike structures which store and transmit genetic information, made up of DNA

Front 4

gene

Back 4

a segment of DNA that contains hereditary instruction

Front 5

mitosis

Back 5

process of cell duplication, in which each new cell receives an exact copy of the original chromosomes

Front 6

gametes

Back 6

sex cells- the sperm and the egg

Front 7

meiosis

Back 7

cell division that produces gametes, which halves the number of chromosomes usually present in body cells

Front 8

zygote

Back 8

cell that results from fertilization of an egg by a sperm

Front 9

crossing over

Back 9

chromosomes next to each other break at one or more points along their length and exchange segments, so that genes from one are replaced by genes from another- shuffling of genes creates new hereditary combinations

Front 10

autosomes

Back 10

chromosomes that aren't sex chromosomes (X and Y)

Front 11

sex chromosomes

Back 11

X and Y; the twenty-third pair of chromosomes that determine gender

Front 12

monozygotic twins

Back 12

identical twins with the same genetic makeup

Front 13

dizygotic twins

Back 13

fraternal twins; results from release and fertilization of 2 eggs

Front 14

allele

Back 14

each of 2 or more forms of a gene located at the same place on the chromosomes

Front 15

homozygous

Back 15

having 2 identical alleles at the same place on a pair of chromosomes

Front 16

codominance

Back 16

a pattern of inheritance in which both alleles influence the person's characteristics

Front 17

X-linked inheritance

Back 17

a pattern of inheritance in which a recessive gene is carried on the X chromosome. Males are more likely to be affected.

Front 18

genetic imprinting

Back 18

a pattern of inheritance in which alleles are imprinted, or chemically marked, in such a way that one pair member is activated, regardless of its makeup.

Front 19

mutation

Back 19

a sudden but permanent change in a segment of DNA

Front 20

polygenic inheritance

Back 20

a pattern of inheritance involving many genes that applies to characteristics that vary continuously among people.

Front 21

genetic counseling

Back 21

a communication process designed to help couples asses their chances of giving birth to a baby with a hereditary disorder and choose the best course of action in view of risks and family goals.

Front 22

prenatal diagnostic methods

Back 22

medical procedures that permit detection of problems before birth.

Front 23

amnion

Back 23

the inner membrane that forms a protective covering around the prenatal organism and encloses it in amniotic fluid, which helps kep temperature constant and provides a cushion against jolts caused by the mothers movement.

Front 24

chorion

Back 24

the outer membrane that forms a protective covering around the prenatal organism. It sends out tiny hair-like villi, from which the placenta begins to emerge.

Front 25

placenta

Back 25

the organ that separates the mothers bloodstream from the embryo's bloodstream but permits exchange of nutrients and waste products

Front 26

umbilical cord

Back 26

connects the baby to the placenta; first appears as a primitive body stalk, they grows to a length of 1 to 3 feet. Contains one large vein, which delivers blood loaded with nutrients, and two arteries, which remove waste.

Front 27

embryo

Back 27

prenatal period that lasts through the 8th week of pregnancy; most rapid prenatal changes take place, as the groundwork is laid for all body structures and organs.

Front 28

fetus

Back 28

prenatal period lasting from end of embryonic period to end of pregnancy; longest prenatal period, growth and finishing stage, increases rapidly in size.

Front 29

vernix

Back 29

white, cheeselike substance that covers the skin of the fetus to protect it from chapping during the long months spent in the amniotic fluid.

Front 30

lanugo

Back 30

white, downy hair that covers the entire body of the fetus and helps the vernix stick to the skin

Front 31

age of viability

Back 31

the point at which the baby can first survive, sometime between 22 and 26 weeks (can be born early but still survive).

Front 32

teratogen

Back 32

any enviornmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period.

Front 33

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Back 33

a set of defects that occurs when pregnant women consume large amounts of alcohol during most of their pregnancy. Includes mental retardation, impaired motor coordination, attention, memory, language, planning, and problem-solving, overactivity, slow physical growth, and facial abnormalities

Front 34

fetal alcohol effects (FAE)

Back 34

the condition of children who display some but not allthe defects of fetal alcohol syndrome. Usually their mothers drank alcohol in smaller quantities during pregnancy.

Front 35

Apgar scale

Back 35

a rating system used to assess the newborn baby's physical condition immediately after birth on the basis of five characteristics: heart rate, respiratory effort, reflex irritability, muscle tone, and color.

Front 36

natural birth

Back 36

a group of techniques aimed at reducing pain and medical intervention and making childbirth as rewarding an experience as possible.

Front 37

breech position

Back 37

the baby is turned in such a way that the buttocks or feet would be delivered first.

Front 38

Rh factor incompatibility

Back 38

a condition that can lead to anoxia (inadequate oxygen supply) and is an incompatibility between the mother's and baby's blood types.

Front 39

preterm infants

Back 39

those born several weeks or more before their due date.

Front 40

small-for-date infants

Back 40

are below their expected weight considering the length of the pregnancy.

Front 41

natural birth

Back 41

a group of techniques aimed at reducing pain and medical intervention and making childbirth as rewarding an experience as possible.

Front 42

breech position

Back 42

the baby is turned in such a way that the buttocks or feet would be delivered first.

Front 43

Rh factor incompatibility

Back 43

a condition that can lead to anoxia (inadequate oxygen supply) and is an incompatibility between the mother's and baby's blood types.

Front 44

preterm infants

Back 44

those born several weeks or more before their due date.

Front 45

small-for-date infants

Back 45

are below their expected weight considering the length of the pregnancy.

Front 46

behavioral genetics

Back 46

a field devoted to uncovering the contributions of nature and nurture to the diversity in human traits and abilities.

Front 47

heritability estimates

Back 47

measure the extent to which individual differences in complex triats in a specific population are due to genetic factors.

Front 48

concordance rate

Back 48

refers to the percentage of instances in which both twins show a trait when it is present in one twin.

Front 49

range of reaction

Back 49

each person's unique, genetically determined response to the environment.

Front 50

canalization

Back 50

the tendency of heredity to restrict the development of some characteristics to just one or a few outcomes (like motor development in infants).

Front 51

genetic-environmental correlation

Back 51

our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed

Front 52

niche-picking

Back 52

the tendency to actively choose environments that complement our heredity (well-coordinated, muscular child spends more time at after-school sports)

Front 53

epigenesis

Back 53

development results from both heredity and environment interacting together