Childhood

Front 1

Wyness(2006)

Back 1

common-sensethinking sees childhood as a natural and inevitable phase of life that we allgo through. It is seen as a biological state due to the physical and mentalimmaturity of children.

Front 2

Prout

Back 2

Sees childhood as associated with modernity. Adults are seen with high degree of rationality, whereas children lack rationality

Front 3

Social Construction

Back 3

Childhood can bee seen as a social construction, it is not natural. It is shaped by culture and society.

Front 4

Firth (1963)

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Tikopia island found that children carried out dangerous tasks and they would choose when they were ready to carry out the task rather than adults.

Front 5

Child soldiers

Back 5

Congo

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Child prostitution

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Thailand

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Pilcher

Back 7

Golden age of childhood.

Front 8

Modern western childhood

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Children occupy distinct and separate life's in comparison to children. The main responsibility of adults is too look after children within both the family and education.

Front 9

The west

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Childhood is a distinct life stage up until the age of 18. Pilcher 1995: childhood is separate from adulthood within most countries.

Front 10

Fosters Education Act (1870)

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Compulsory school for children 5-12

Front 11

What governs childhood?

Back 11

FostersEducation Act (1870)

2015– children in education until 18

1964– school leaving age raised to 16

Buyingalcohol – 18

Filmrestrictions

Clothes& toys directed specifically for younger children (are these factorsbecoming blurred?) Freedental treatment for anyone under the age of 18;

Front 12

The golden age of childhood

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Happiness, innocence and unaffected lives, based in the private sphere of the family.

Front 13

Comparative approach

Back 13

Seeks to demonstrates the differences between children by looking at both cross cultural and historical differences.

Front 14

Benedict

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Children in non industrial countries are treated much differently.

Front 15

Punch

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Bolivia children expected to work by age of 5

Front 16

Aries

Back 16

childhood did not exists in the middle ages

Children were seen as middle adults

Front 17

Aries and IMR

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IMR much higher in middle ages this led parents to neglect children as it was common norm that they would die young.

Front 18

13th Century- Development of the Golden Age

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Religion pushed the idea they are vulnerable creations of God

Church first social institution to offer education to the young

17th century- children began to dress differently

18th century- child knowledge, development, education developed which informed society children were not the same as adults

Front 19

Modern attitudes to childhood

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Treated differently according to their chronological age

Seen as important and need of protection

Strongly Mourned if they died

Not required to work

Given specialist toys and games

Distinctive clothes

kept away from exposure to sexuality

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Pollock

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Childhood did exist in the middle ages but it took on another form

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March of Progress

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Position of childhood has improved in recent times

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Lloyd De Maise

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Children were more likely to be killed, abandoned, beaten and abused in previous years in history.

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Aries and Shorter

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Children are more valued, more time spent, protected (legislations), educated and healthier.

Front 24

Spent on children education 2007/8

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£64 Billion

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IMR in 1900 and now

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1900- 154

now- 5

Front 26

Liverpool and Victoria

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21st birthday £186,000

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Conflict

Back 27

See march of progress as a myth.

Front 28

Inequalities between children

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Not all children are the same, children cross culturally will experience different forms of inequality.

Front 29

Hillman

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Greater opportunities for males

Front 30

Bonke

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Bedroom culture and domestic chorses

Front 31

Brannen

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Asian parents more stricter towards females.

Front 32

Izzar

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Bhatti Izzat family honour

Links to Banaz Mahmod honour killing 2006

Front 33

Social class inequality

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Health of the new born, material deprivation, poorer education achievement.

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Woodroffe

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Children of unskilled manual workers are more likely to suffer ADHD

Front 35

Howard

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Greater chance of health implications for those from the w/c

Front 36

Firestone and Holt

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Recent laws and regulations of protection seem positive but demonstrate clear evidence of control

Front 37

Neglect and Abuse- Child Protection register

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2006- 31,400 children

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Neglect and Abuse- Child line

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20,000 calls a year of physical and sexual abuse

Front 39

Examples of neglect and abuse

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Baby P, Vanessa George, Daniel Pelka

Front 40

Children's space

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Greater surveillance over the play of children.

Front 41

Hillman

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1971- 80% of 8 year olds went to school without supervision

1990- 9%

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Time

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Adults create the construct of childhood routines.

TV- Watersheds

Education- Lack of creative freedom

Front 43

Bodies

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Sit, walk, run, dress, appearance, feminine/masculine gender traits, smacking

Front 44

Resources

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Labour laws, child benefits

Front 45

Age Patriarchy

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Adult domination and child dependency, male rule over the household

Front 46

Humphreys and Thiara:

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1/4 of 200 women in their study left their abusing partner because they feared for the children lives.

Front 47

Hockey and James

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'acting up' and resistant

Front 48

Postman

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Childhood is disappearing, same clothes, games, rights and crimes.

No longer a clear distinction between adults and children

DUe to the rise in TV culture and replacement of print culture.

Front 49

Opie

Back 49

Childhood is still a distinct life stage, children still maintain their own culture, games, jokes and songs