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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the three basic principles of counting for preschoolers?
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One-to-one principle
Stable-order principle Cardinality principle |
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Basic principle of counting: There must be one and only one number name for each object that is counted
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One-to-one principle
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Basic principle of counting: Number names must be counted in the same order
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Stable-order principle
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Basic principle of counting: The last number name differs from the previous ones in a counting sequence by denoting the number of objects
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Cardinality principle
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This type of memory originates in the preschool years
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Autobiographical Memory
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During the preschool years, children become better at regulating their
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attention
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By the time children hit the preschool age, they have learned to do these three things
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Tell themselves to pay attention
Block out distracting things Be able to do tasks systematically |
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This is the difference between what one can do alone or with assistance
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Zone of Proximal Development
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This is matching the amount of assistance to the learners needs
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Scaffolding
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How do you encourage word learning?
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Talk more, but WITH not AT children
Ask children questions Sesame Street helps (because its interactive) |
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What is the difference between bilingual and monolingual children?
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When 1 to 2 year olds, they often progress somewhat slowly at first because they mix words from the two languages. By age 3 to 4, children separate the languages. By elementary school, most are as proficient as monolinguals in both languages.
Bilingual children actually surpass monolinguals in language skills. They also understand that words are simply symbols. |
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In 2 year olds, speech is often telegraphic, meaning
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it consists of only words directly relevant to the meaning
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Preschoolers gradually add grammatical morphemes, which are
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words or endings of words (ing, ed, s) that make a sentence grammatical
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Preschoolers speech is rule-based so errors of overregulation occur, meaning
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applying rules to words that are exceptions to the rule (two mans instead of two men)
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This is when children rely upon word meaning to discover grammar
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Semantic Bootstrapping Hypothesis
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These are known to be involved in language processing
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Specific regions of the brain
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When learning language, there is a
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critical period
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What is the Biological vs Environmental perspective on how children acquire grammar?
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Specific regions of the brain are known to be involved in language processing, and there is evidence for neural mechanisms that help them learn grammar. However, it cannot just be biological, as the environment helps a child detect regularities in speech, and children gradually infer the grammatical rules that provide structure for their language.
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By 3 years old, children know this is a key rule
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Taking turns
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Preschoolers adjust their speech based on
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the age of the listener and context
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Preschoolers understand that when listeners misunderstand
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speakers need to do something
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How do preschoolers ask questions?
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By raising the inclination of their voice
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Preschooler often don't detect ambiguities in messages or assume they understood the speaker's intent, and
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they don't ask to clarify
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In the US, males are seen as
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instrumental
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In the US, women are seen as
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expressive
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This is how college students view male or female characteristics in a survey
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Male: Independent, Aggressive, Outspoken, Ambitious, Dominant
Female: Emotional, Kind, Creative, Considerate, Gentle, Excitable |
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These three things reinforce gender-related behavior
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Parents (particularly dads)
Peers Media |
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These are the three steps to developing gender identity
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Gender labeling
Stability Consistency |
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This is the perception of oneself as either male or female
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Gender identity
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Gender Identity: By age 2 or 3, children understand that they are either boys or girls and label themselves accordingly
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Gender labeling
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Gender Identity: During the preschool years, children begin to understand that gender is stable (boys become men and girls become women)
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Gender stability
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Gender Identity: Between 4 and 7 years, most children understand that maleness and femaleness do not change over situations or according to personal wishes
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Gender consistency
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Identical twins are similar in characteristics of
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gender
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Females are exposed to high levels of
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male hormones
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Girls interactions with one another are typically this, meaning their actions and remarks tend to support others and sustain the interaction
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Enabling
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Boy's interactions are often this, where one partner tries to emerge as the victor by threatening or contradicting the other, by exaggerating, and so on
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Constricting
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When looking at gender identity, there is some evidence for
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genetic and hormonal influences
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The preschool years are often high levels of
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self-esteem
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When looking at the styles of parenting, what is the difference between Western and Eastern cultures, and why?
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Western cultures are more Authoritative
Eastern cultures are more Authoritarian Western cultures try to promote more individuality and freedom, whereas Eastern cultures try to promote control and cooperation and collaboration |
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These are the two primary dimensions in raising a child
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Warmth and Control
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Parenting style: parenting combines high control with little warmth
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Authoritarian
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Parenting style: parenting combines a fair degree of parental control with being warm and responsive to children
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Authoritative
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Parenting style: parenting offers warmth and caring but little parental control
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Indulgent-permissive
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Parenting style: parenting provides neither warmth nor control
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Indifferent-uninvolved
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Observational learning can produce this, in which the preschooler learns what should not be done
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Counter imitation
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This is when children learn from watching others, including parents and their treatment of siblings
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Observing
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Parents often unwittingly reinforce the very behaviors they want to discourage, a situation called the
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negative reinforcement trap
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When looking at sibling relationships, firstborns tend to be more
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adult and achievement-oriented
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When looking at sibling relationships, laterborns tend to be more
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innovative and sociable
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Sibling get along best when these five things happen
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They are the same sex
Neither is emotional Younger enters adolescence Parent's don't show favoritism Parents have a warm relationship with one another |
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How do sibling relationships affect relationships and personality
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It is the internal working model for all future social relationships
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Self-control is more likely when parents
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have control themselves
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Giving children more opportunities to regulate their own behavior fosters
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self-control
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Some short children may receive growth hormones, but this has negative effects, including
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not making children taller when adults, being more prone to infections, and how being short may not be attributed to adjustment problems
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What are some genetic and environmental causes of obesity?
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Genetic: weight is related to biological parents, genes influence activity level, and may develop a slow metabolic rate
Environmental: advertising, parents influencing external eating habits (eat when forced) |
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What are the risk factors of overweight children?
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Low self-esteem and medical problems
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Motor Skills: Girls excel at
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fine-motor skills and gross-motor skills that require balance and flexibility
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Motor Skills: Boys are better at
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strength
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When looking at motor skills, many gender differences are due to
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attitudes about girls' sports participation
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These are the only dimensions in the reasons for sports participation survey where boys and girls differed
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Social status and popularity
Deception and Superiority Competitiveness |
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How can parents help childhood accidents?
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By being good role models (seat belts and bike helmets) and by being realistic about a child's abilities
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Children with these have normal intelligence, but have difficulty mastering academic material, and is not suffering from other conditions that could explain poor performance
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Learning disabilities
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Children with ADHD show a combination of
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Overactivity, inattention, and impulsivity
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When looking at ADHD, what is the difference in looking at Genetics vs. Environment?
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Genetics: Identical twins more often both have ADHD than fraternal, predisposition for the disorder
Environmental: Children with ADHD often come from families with parents in conflict or under great stress themselves, which can be a trigger to the predisposition |
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Some cases of mental retardation, no more than 25 percent, can be traced to a specific biological or physical problem and are known as
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organic mental retardation
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In most cases of mental retardation, this represents the lower end of the normal distribution of intelligence
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Familial mental retardation
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How many children with mental retardation are mildly or educably retarded?
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90%
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When looking at IQ scores, what score counts as being mentally retarded?
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70 or below
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Profoundly or severely retarded individuals can be taught
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self-help skills such as dressing, feeding, and toileting
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Moderately retarded individuals can be taught
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simple tasks and can sometimes support themselves
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Mildly or educably retarded individuals can be taught
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academic skills at an older age than a non-retarded child, and may lead independent lives
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These are strategies and rules that make thinking more systematic and more powerful (logical, mathematical, spatial operations)
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Mental operations
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During the Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 years), the focus is on
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the real, not the abstract
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In the Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 years), operations can be reversed, which allow children to do
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Controvation problems (5 + 3 = 8, thus 8 - 3 = 5)
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This is a memory structure used to describe the sequence in which events occur (network of knowledge)
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Script
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Successful learning involves
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identifying goals and choosing strategies
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Knowledge helps
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organize memory, but can distort recall
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Scripts help aid
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recall, but can distort memory
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What are the four memory strategies, in which the focus is on the unlearned material?
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Determine Goal
Select strategy Use strategy Monitor strategy |
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In the effects of knowledge on memory, if you experience something, it will
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help you remember it better
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According to the Psychometric theories, intelligence is
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how well we do on tests
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This theory proposed 7 intelligences (linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal), looking at child development, brain-damaged adults, and exceptional talent
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Gardner's Theory on Multiple Intelligences
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This theory proposed intelligence includes 3 parts or sub-theories, and looks at the way you do things
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Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
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Sternberg's Triarchic Theory: intelligence involves skillful adaptation to a specific environment
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Contextual sub-theory
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Sternberg's Triarchic Theory: on novel tasks, intelligence is shown by readily applying pertinent knowledge; on familiar tasks, by solving them automatically
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Experiential sub-theory
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Sternberg's Triarchic Theory: any intelligent act that consists of cognitive components
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Componential sub-theory
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This is the IQ of a person, which is simply the ratio of mental age to chronological age, multiplied by
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100
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The average IQ is
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100
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The IQ test is the first objective test, which is used to identify
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children who need special help
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This is referred to the difficulty of the problems that children could solve correctly
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Mental age
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Are IQ tests reliable?
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In the short term, yes
In the long term, no |
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Are IQ tests valid?
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Yes, as long as validity is defined as success in school
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What are the Hereditary and Environmental factors of a child's intellectual development?
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Hereditary: Genes influence intelligence, developmental change in IQ are more alike in identical twins than fraternal, IQ scores are correlated with biological parent's IQ scores
Environmental: Higher test scores in environments that are stimulating, responsive, and involved, children who grow up in poverty tend to have lower IQ scores |