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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Prenatal development and birth
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-Once every 28 days, ovum bursts through ovary into fallopian tube
-Fertilized egg, but doesn't impact- still have period -Males produce approx. 300 million sperma a day -Sperm can live up to 6 days in woman's body -Most pregnancies result from sex during 3 day period- the day of ovulation and 2 days before it |
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Prenatal period- Germinal pd
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-First 2 weeks after conception
-Implantation- becomes embryo -Zygote attaches to uterine wall 10-14 days after conception |
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The embryonic pd
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-2-8 weeks after conception
-Foundation for organs laid -Life support systems develop |
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Amnion
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-sack with clear fluid where embryo floats. Cushions, keeps constant temperature
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Umbilicial cord
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-two arteries and one vein
-connects body to placenta -removes waste and takes in nutrients |
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Placenta
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-Disk-shaped group of tissues where small blood vessels from mom and baby intertwine
-Oxygen, food to baby, waste away from baby |
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The fetal period
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-2-9 months after conception
-differentiation of organs -rapid cell growth, growth in size and weight -The fetus, uterus, and placenta |
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Prenatal development: teratogens
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-anything that causes a birth defect
-four factors that influence effects of teratogens: -dose -heredity -other negative influences: --Poor nutrition, lack of medical care -Age of organism: --Before implantation, rarely impact --Embryonic- most serious defects --Fetal- damage mostly minor- brain, eyes, genitals are most affected |
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Types of teratogens
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-Prescription drugs:
--Thaliomide- Sedative given in 60's. Also used for anxiety, nausea, morning sickness --Mothers 4-6 weeks after conception had children with gross deformities, eyes, nose, ear, missing limbs |
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Diethlstrbestrol (DES)
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(1945-1970)
-Drug to prevent miscarriage -Daughters: up rates of cancer of vagina, uterus malfunctions, and infertility -Sons have seminal fluid abnormalities |
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accutane
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more than 150 cases documented each year
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nonprescription drugs
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aspirin- linked to low birth rate
caffeine- heavy usage liked to miscarriage; baby goes through withdrawal, irritable, and vomiting |
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psychoactive drugs
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-act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods
--alcohol, nicotine -estimated 80% of women drink alcohol and 30% smoke in US -Alcohol appears to have greatest effect in last trimester -Even moderate consumption during pregnancy can result in FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME (FAS) -Nicotine results in preterm births, low birth weight, fetal and neonetal deaths, respiratory problems and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) -Possibly poor language- and cognitive skills, and ADHD; delay in intellectual and behavioral development |
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Hazards to prenatal development
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-Maternal diet and nutrition
--Advised to gain 25-35 lbs; diets that are missing imported vitamins, minerals or proteins typically result in stillborn, misscarriage and infant mortality |
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Emotiona states and stress
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-Intense anxiety results in low birth weight, miscarriage, and infant respiratory illness
-Studies found that women who are anxious and under emotional stress: --Have infants who are more active in the womb and tend to be irritable, cry more, and have feeding and sleepin problems |
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Maternal age
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Older women, older eggs problems during cell division
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Paternal problems
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-Age, occupation, or abuse
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Environmental hazards
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-Radiation, Heroshima, Nagasaki, Chernobyl
-Pollution, Mercury, lead, pesticides, some household cleaners |
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Stages of Birth
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-Uterine contractions
--Mucus plug |
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What is the postparnum period?
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-6 weeks after or until body has returned to pre-pregnancy state
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Physical adjustments
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Fatigue, dramatic hormone changes, uterus returns to pre-pregnant state
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"Baby blues"
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Right after childbirth, and normally goes away within a week
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Post partum depression
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Anytime after 1st year of birth
-strong sadness, anxiety, can't do daily tasks, no energy, trouble concentrating, guilt, worthlessness |
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Factors that contribute to postpartum depression
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-Hormone change: first 24 hrs after birth, estrogen and proestrogen and rapidly to pre-pregnancy levels
-decrease thyroid levels cause depression -Supermom -Broken sleep patterns -Feelings of loss of pre-pregnancy self -Less control over time |
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How to treat postpartum
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-Set aside time for you and your partner
-Get as much rest as you can -Don't spend a lot of time alone -Counseling, new mother support groups -Medicine |
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Body growth and change
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Spend 20% of total years growing
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Cephalocaudveraage newborn in U.al Pattern
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Growth moves top to bottom
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Proximodistal patterm
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growth starts in torso and moves to extremities
-Cause of "toddling" |
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Infancy
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-7.5 lbs and 20 inches average newborn in the U.S.
-4 mos. double weight -1 year- triple weight -2 yr old- growth slows **If we continue to grow at rate before 2 yrs old, by 10 yrs old we would be 10 ft tall and weigh over 200 lbs. -By 2 yrs old, will be nearly half adult height |
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Early childhood
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-Growth slows
-% of increase in height and weight decrease each year for preschoolers -Girls are only slightly smaller and lighter than boys |
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Middle childhood
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-Slow and consistent growth
-2-3 inches each year -Muscle mass increases, body fat decreases -Improves muscle tone and strength -Bones continue to harden |
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Adolevg 9 yscence
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-Growth spurt
-2 yrs earlier for girls than boys **avg 9 yrs for girls and 11 yrs for boys -Girls increase in hip width, boys shoulder width |
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Puberty: Hormones and sexual maturation
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Hormones
Men: androgens Women: estrogen Sexual maturation- secondary sex characteristics Boys: Penis elongation, testes development, growth of pubic and facial hair, voice deepens Girls: Breast enlargement, etc. |
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Menarche
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-Girls first menstruation- range 9-16, avg. 12 yrs old.
Leptin: Hormones released by fat cells, body has enough fat for reproduction |
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Amenorrhea
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Absence or suppression of menstruation
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Body image
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-Adolescents are preoccupied with their bodies.
-Girls are generally less happy than boys with their bodies |
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Early and late maturation
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-At age 30, late-bloomer men are more psychologically well-adjusted than early-bloomers. Due to having to work harder for acceptance
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The Brain: Infancy
Shaken Baby Syndrome |
-1200-1600 children each year in U.S.
- Traumatic brain injury that happens when a baby is violently shaken -Characteristic injuries: --Bleeding in brain, in retina, damage to spinal chord in neck, fracture of ribs and bones -Symptoms: --Extreme irritability, lethargy, poor feedings, breathing problems, convulsions, vomiting, and pale or bluish skin |
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Long term problems from Shaken baby syndrome
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-1 out of 4 will die from injuries
-Seizures -Muscle stiffness -Mental retardation -Blindness or trouble seeing -delays physically or emotionally **Most common in 1st year of life, but can until age 5 |
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Treatments of shaken baby syndrome
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-Oxygen therapy
-Brain surgery |
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Glutoric Aciduria**
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rare inherited error in metabolism; symptoms similar to shaken baby syndrome
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Early experience and the brain
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-depressed brain activity has been found in children who grow up in a deprived environment
-Rats- solitary vs. communal playgrounds --Finding that more enriched environments help increase neural connections -Research with premature babies and massage --Handled babies gain more weight rapidly and develop faster neurologically |
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Bucharest Early Intervention Project
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-Children raised in orphanages have an increased risk of social and behavioral problems, attachment disturbances, inattention/hyperactivity
and a syndrome that mimics autism -3-30 mos. (Orphanage, foster care) -Brain changes in 1st few yrs- demonstrate how important foster care is |
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The Brain: Infancy
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-Changing neurons
-Myelination --Process of encasing axons with fat cells, begins prenatally and continues after birth -Large increases in synaptic connections --Between 4-10 yrs start to close the overabundance of synaptic connections |
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the Brain: Childhood
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-3-6 yrs there is growth in frontal lobe
--Allows for planning, organizing, and maintaining attention -Kids are able to go to preschool and start elementary school |
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The Brain: adolescence
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-Emotional information processing
--Amygdala vs. frontal lobe -Group 1-10 18 yr olds. Group 2: 20-40 yr olds. FMRI used to see which parts of brain lit up during decision making Charles Nelson- prefrontal cortex |
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Sleep
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Infancy:
-Sleeping behavior --Restores, replenishes, and rebuilds brain and body --Newborns sleep 16-18 hrs a day -Rapid Eye Movement (REM) -Vital growth of CNS and protects eyes |
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SLEEP Cntd
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-By 1mo. start sleeping longer at night
-At 2-3 mos. start responding to dark and night -4 mos: sleep pattern closer to adults -2 yrs: star sleeping 12-13 hrs a day -Naps -6-9 mos: 2x a day |
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Cultural variations in infant sleeping
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-Shared sleeping or "cosleeping"
--Infant sleeps near parents on firm surface with light covering -90% of world's pop. -Evolutionary perspective --Makes sense that children would fear sleeping alone, dangerous- could explain why fight to stay awake and why safer sleeping with parents |
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US-NY times lit. review
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-13% parents admit to cosleepin
-"closet cosleepers" - sleep in own bed and later slept in parents' bed |
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3 types of cosleeping
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-Intentional:
Want to breast feed longer and believe it helps children's well-being and emotional development -Reactive: Don't really want to sleep with child- can't get them in own bed or no choice bc. of financial reasons -Circumstantial: Family vacay, t-storms, kids sick |
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Cultural diff in sleep
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1. Collectivism vs. individualism
-Guatemalan mayan mothers vs. US middle class moms -Builds close parent-child bond vs. instill independence |
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ADV and DISADV of cosleep
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+:Physiological regulation, prevent from entering too deep sleep, increase breast feeding, sleep better
-: Comforters, if obese, if do drugs/smoke, alcohol. SIDS-crib death |
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SIDS sudden infant death syndrome
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-unexplained crib death
-Risks: low birth weight, sibling died of SIDS, sleep apnea, low SeS, exposure to cigarette smoke, soft bedding |
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Explanation for SIdS
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-Problems regulating breathing, give into oxygen deprivation and death
-Healthy babies and soft bedding Prevention: -no smoking, drugs and alcohol in pregnancy -sleep on back, firm mattress, not too war, no bumper pads, breast feed, pacifiers |
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Sleep behaviors preschoolers
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-10-11 hrs
Bedtime routines: PJs, brush teeth, story, drink etc. Transition object: blanket stuffed animal siblings Controversy: Do adults sleep alone? |
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Sleep problems
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-Night problems
-Frightening dreams that awake sleeper -REM sleep: 80% of normal dreaming occurs in morning hrs Night terrors: -Sudden arousal with intense fear and physiological reactions -Deep sleep in early night -15% of young people, 2-6 yrs old, stressors Sleepwalking: -lasts no longer than 30 mins, mundane things, eyes open -More common in children: deep sleep |
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Sleep behaviors: adolescents
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-Adolescents: 9 hrs, but usually get much less
--Melatonin: hormone that prepares the brain for sleep --Secreted an hr later in older adolescents than younger adolescents |
