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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is child psychology?
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Behavior and mental processes from conception to adolescence.
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Why study child psychology?
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-Understand impact of childhood on adulthood
-Helps parents, teachers, and others who are involved with children -Helps us understand ourselves |
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How has the perception of children changed over time?
-Medeival times |
(6th- 15th centuries:
Children are separate from adults |
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Original Sin View (16th Century)
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-Puritans
-Evil and stubborn -Harsh, restrictive parenting -Treated as small adult |
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Tabula Rasa View (end of 17th century)
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-John Locke
-Blank slate (tablet) -Spend time with child and help become a contributing member of society |
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Innate Goodness View (18th Century)
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-Born knowing right from wrong
-Inherently good -Little parental monitoring, harmed by adult |
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Charles Darwin
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Attempted to make parallels between child growth and human evolution
-First to scientifically study children |
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Alfred Binet
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French asked him to set up first intelligence test to decide which children could attend school
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G. Stanley Hall
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Paved way in US
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Erik Ericson
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Psychosocial stage model
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Sigmund Freud
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-Psychoanalytic Theory, psychosexual stage model
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John Watson
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Behaviorism influenced thought on children, Little Albert
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Jean Piaget
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Stage model, cognition - children active participants in their development
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Development
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Pattern of change from conception to death
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Biological Processes
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Changes in the body
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Cognitive Processes
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Changes in thought, intelligence, and language
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Socio-emotional
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Changes in relationship, emotions, and personality
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Prenatal Period
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Conception to birth
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Infancy
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Birth to 18-24 mos.
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Early childhood
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(preschool years) 2 to 5 or 6 of age
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Cognitive Processes
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Changes in thought, intelligence, and language
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Socio-emotional
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Changes in relationship, emotions, and personality
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Prenatal Period
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Conception to birth
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Infancy
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Birth to 18-24 mos.
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Early childhood
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(preschool years) 2 to 5 or 6 of age
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Middle Childhood
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6-11 years of age: Elementary years
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Adolescence
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10/12 - 18/22 years of age
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3 issues that child researchers deal with in their research
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1. Nature-Nurture issue
2. Continuity vs. Discontinuity 3. Early-Later Experience |
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Nature- Nurture issue
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Biology vs. Socialization
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Continuity vs.Discontinuity
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Continuous Development vs. Stages
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early- later experience
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Early life is more impactful to adulthood than later life experiences
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Psychoanalytic Theories
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-Unique history of child
-Series of stages with conflicts that need to be resolved -Resolution or lack thereof determines who you become as an adult |
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Freud
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Psychosexual theory
-Focus on unconscious and drives -Sex and aggression 3 parts of personality: 1. Id- Born with immediate gratification 2. Ego - Develops in 1st year, mediator 3. Superego: doesn't operate in reality, morals and values |
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Id, Ego, Superego
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-Born with Id
-Ego developed in first year of life -Superego developed before 3 years old |
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Psychosexual Stages- Freud
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1. Oral (Birth- 1 year) Fixation- If didn't overcome stage or gratification ex. oral stage- chew on pens, ice
2. Anal (1-3 yrs): Potty training. anal retentive: Controlling 3. Phallic Stage (3-6 years) |
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Phallic stage
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-1st realized whether boy or girl
-Attracted to opposite sex parent. ex. Oedipus and Electra complexes |
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Castration Anxiety
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-key to development of superego
- Identify with same sex parent, take on gender roles -Women - no castration anxiety, resent mother, underdeveloped superego- no morals and values, penis envy |
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Latency stage
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-6- puberty
-Gender roles are firmly set- Gender segregation |
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Genital stage
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Puberty- onward
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Freud believes..
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early experiences are more important in shaping you as an adult than later
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Erickson's Psychosocial stages
-Know how similar to Freud |
-Affiliation with others
-Basic 5 stages as Freud -Added 3 more to deal with adulthood |
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Problems with Psychoanalytical
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Sexist, assumes both parents around. Small sample size
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Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theories
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Pavlov's Classical Conditioning
-Stimulus paired with something else, now have conditioned response |
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Behaviorism
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Watson:
Humans shaped soley by environment -"tabula rasa": Blank slate -"Little Albert"- Noise and the white rat -Fear is not innate, can be learned |
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Social Learning Theory
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Bandura
-Bobo the doll -Imitating |
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Social Cognitive Theory- Bandura Revised
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1. Kids don't imitate anything- actively choose what to imitate
2. Not just behaviors, but also thought patterns |
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Cognitive Theories
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Key is conscious thought
(US- 1960s) |
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Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory
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Assimilation and Accomodation
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Assimilation
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-Take new knowledge and put it into categories or schemas that already exist
Ex. See golden retreiver, put into category for dogs- 4 legged animal, tail, backs |
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Accomodation
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-The new information doesn't fit into categories that already exist so you make new category
Ex. See cow, and say doggy. Parents tell you No, cows moo," Now new schema for cows |
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Ethological Theory
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-Lorenz- Imprinting
-Rapid, innate learning within critical period - Attachment to first moving object seen -Early following behavior o baby birds |
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Bowlby's Attachment theory
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-Bond that forms with caregiver
-Smiling, babbling, grasping, crying, are built in social signals that encourage caregiver approach |
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Eclectic Theortetical Orientation
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Selects and uses what is considered the best in each theory
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Science and the study of child development
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Science is not defined by WHAT it investigates, but HOW it investigates it.
-Importance of research -The Scientific Method |
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Scientific Method
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-Identify the problem
-Collect data - Use statistics and analyze data -Write up and draw conclusion to current research |
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Theory
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Set of ideas that helps to explain and allows us to make predictions
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Hypotheses
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Idea being tested, predictions
Ex. Best music to listen to while studying |
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Methods for Collecting Data
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-Observation: observe and record behavior, look for a pattern of results
-Laboratory vs. Naturalistic observation |
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Survey
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Collect a lot of information, cost effective
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Interview
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-Detail about one or more people, takes a lot of time and money
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Physiological Measures
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-EEG, PET scan, FMRI, heart rate, breating rate, sweating, blood pressure, etc
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Case Study
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Detailed investigation of one or more people, let us look at something we might not be able to manipulate
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Research Designs
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-Correlational Research
*Relationship between one or more variables. Ex. Ask how last first date was and relate to feelings toward men/ women. Does not involve causation. |
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**Correlation coefficient
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Number that explains the relationship; represented as lower case r. Between -1 and 1.Strong relationship between .7 - .999.
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Positive/ Negative Correlatins
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Direction of relationship. Pos^^ or --. Negative is ^- or-^. Pos.=.85. Neg.=-.85.
Ex. r=.95. Variables are number of months since parents' divorce and level of child's happiness. |
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Ex. of Positive correlation
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as number of months since parent's divorce goes up, so does the child's level of happiness
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Ex. of Negative correlation
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r=-.75. Variables- fear of strangers and time spent in daycare. Strong negative correlation. More time in daycare, less fear of strangers OR less time in daycare, more fear of strangers
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Experimental Research
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-Manipulates one or more variables to assess causal relationship
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Experimental: Independent Variable
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What is manipulated. ex. Self-esteem
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Experimental: Dependent Variable
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What is measured. Ex. test scores
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Experimental group
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Group that receives treatment
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Control group
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Group that doesn't get treatment
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Cross sectonal approach
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-Individuals of different ages are compared at same time, different children
-Takes several months to complete and on't have to wait for kids to grow up -ex. Look at kids 5, 8, and 11 year olds in terms of decision-making |
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Longitudinal approach
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-Look at same kids over long time span
-Takes years to complete and allows us to see how change occurs. Ex. Lok at same kid at 5, 8, and 11 in terms of decision making |
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Natural Selection
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Favors those who are best adapted to survive and reproduce
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Adaptive Behavior
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Behavior that promotes an organism's SURVIVAL.
Ex. Sleeping, verbal communication, taste aversion- puking and adapting to stay away from substance in the future, Morning sickness- sick in the beginning of pregnancy |
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Evolutionary Psychology
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All behavior ( directly or indirectly) helps us to survive and reproduce
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Evolutionary Psychology
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All behavior (directly or indirectly) helps us to survive and reproduce
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Evolutionary Developmental Psychology
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Look at how our development helps us to survive and reproduce.
Ex. Reflexes, Babies sucking |
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The Genetic Process
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Chromosomes
-Tightly coiled strands of DNA, store and transmit genetic information |
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Genes
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Segments of DNA along the length of chromosome, unit of heredity that determines characteristics of offsping
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
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Long, double stranded molecule
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Genotype
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actual genetic material, all genes
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Phenotype
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Directly observable traits; what is observed
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Alleles
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alternate forms of genes
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Dominant
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Allele that is normally expressed
D= Dominant d= recessive |
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Recessive
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Only expressed if both are recessive
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Homozygous
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Alleles from both parents are alike
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Heterozygous
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Alleles from both parents are different
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Carrier
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Another name for heterozygous
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sex-linked genes
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Mutated genes are carried on the x chromosome,most mutated genes are recessive
Men: xy Women:xx ex. hemophilia, blindness, male pattern blindness |
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Genetic imprinting
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Alleles are imprinted or chemically marked, exception to the dominant-recessive principle
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Polygenic inheritance
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Many genes determine characteristics
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Chromosome Abnormalities
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There is not a set of 23 chromosomes
ex. Down Syndrome |
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Down Syndrome
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95% of time females egg fails to separate during meiosis, usually result of age.
-Extra copy of chromosome 21 -Short, almond shaped eyes, more likely to get leukemia, heart disorders, and respiratory infections |
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Sex linked Chromosome Abnormalities
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Most commonly involves an extra x or y or absence of an x
-Typically error in division during meiosis -Often not recognized until pubert -Typically biggest issue facing are intellectual issues EX. Klinefelter, Turner, XYY |
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Klinefelter syndrome (xxy)
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-Tall, body fat distribution resembles females, sterile, impaired verbal intelligence
-Hormone therapy at puberty to simulate.. |
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Turner Syndrome (XO)
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Usually father's sperm contained neither x nor y.
-Need 2 chromosomes to have gonads -Without gonads the hormones can't be produced to direct tissue to form internal and external reproductive organs. -Externally appear female -Estrogen therapy can help develop breasts and pubic hair |
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XYY syndrome
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-Generally taller than normal
-Large teeth -Sometimes severe acne -Cognitive impairment |
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Gene-linked abnormalities
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-Genes can have +/- effect
-Inherit harmful alleles, survive because in heterozygous state, don't know they have it Ex. Sickle Cell and PKU |
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PKU
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-Genetic disorder: infants can't break down aniino acid so builds up- hyperactivity, low head size, jerking movements, seizure, mental retardation
-Special diet results in normal child> no sweetener, milk, eggs, etc. |
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Sickle Cell Anemia
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-Red blood cells are impacted and occurs most often in individuals of African descent.
-60,000 people in US afe affected -Shape of red blood cells- elongated and bent- get stuck in small blood vessels of joints and abdomen -Severe pain, tissue damage and death -Spleen continually removes problem red bloodcell- results in chronic anemia Heterozygous people are in low oxygen conditions will have blood cells sickle Malaria parasite attach to red blood cells |
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Prenatal Diagnostic Tests
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Ultrasound sonography
Amniovcentesis Maternal blood screening |
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Ultrasound sonography
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-7 weeks into pregnancy and beyond
-Tell number of fetuses and sex of fetus -High frequency sound waves into woman's abdomen -No risk of miscarriage -Once a month and 2x a month during second trimester |
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Amniocentesis
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-16th week is optimal
-Chromosomal and metabolic disorders |
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Maternal blood screening
(alpha fetoprotein) |
-Between 16 and 18 weeks
-2nd month of pregnancy baby cells enter mother's bloodstream |
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Infertility
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12 months of regular intercourse without contraception
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Polygenic inheritance
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Many genes determine characteristics
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Chromosome Abnormalities
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There is not a set of 23 chromosomes
ex. Down Syndrome |
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Down Syndrome
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95% of time females egg fails to separate during meiosis, usually result of age.
-Extra copy of chromosome 21 -Short, almond shaped eyes, more likely to get leukemia, heart disorders, and respiratory infections |
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Sex linked Chromosome Abnormalities
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Most commonly involves an extra x or y or absence of an x
-Typically error in division during meiosis -Often not recognized until pubert -Typically biggest issue facing are intellectual issues EX. Klinefelter, Turner, XYY |
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Klinefelter syndrome (xxy)
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-Tall, body fat distribution resembles females, sterile, impaired verbal intelligence
-Hormone therapy at puberty to simulate.. |
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Causes of infertility
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Female: not ovulating, abnormal eggs, blocked fallopian tubes, disease that prevents implantation
Male:Too few sperm, lack of motility, blocked passageways |
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Three reproductive techniques
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-In vitro (IVF)
-Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) -Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) |
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In vitro (IVF)
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-eggs and sperm are combined in lab dish
-eggs successfully fertilized -transferred into uterus through cervix and pregnancy allowed to begin -Developed 1st and used more because no surgery -Most effective |
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Zygote introfallopian transfer (ZIFT)
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-Small incision surgery
-2 step procedure 1. egg fertilized in lab 2. Zygotes are transferred to fallopian tube in undivided state |
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Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
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-Doctor inserts eggs and sperm directly into woman's fallopian tube
-Allows fertilization to take place inside woman's body |
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Passive genotype
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-environment correlations
-Genetically related parents provide environment ex. Parents god at music, so place children in it. Sports parents automatically put children in sports |
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Evocative genotype
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-environment correlations
-Child genetic predisposition elicits the environment to react to them -hostile individuals evoke aggression in others |
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Active (niche picking) genotype- environment correlations
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Kid seeks out environment base on genes
-ex. Children who are good at music will want to be in band |
