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134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who was John B. Watson?
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Rigid feeding and toilet training schedules
<B>“ridigidty”</b> ensures that children will become emotionally <B>“hard”</b> The way you treat your kids is the reason they turn out the way they do |
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What term did John B. Watson coin?
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"behaviourism"
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Who was Benjamin Spock?
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• <B>no excessive demands</b> on children
• reduced conflict over weaning and toilet training • 1946 – published – wrote <B>Baby and Childcare |
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What is atypical development?
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involves an enduring pattern of behaviors that is unusual and interferes with a child’s development in significant ways.
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Who are idealists/rationalists?
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nature vs. nurture debate
Plato Descartes Some knowledge is “<B>inborn</b>” (nature) For exam: what do idealists/rationalists feel about the debate? |
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Who are empiricists?
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John Locke
At birth the mind is a <B>blank slate </b> <B>Tabula rasa</b> All knowledge comes from <B>experience</b> (nurture) |
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Who are interactionists?
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Development is <B>nature and nurture </b>
<B>Original sin</b> – retrain selfish nature Jean Jacques <B>Rousseau</b>: We are naturally good – experiences can make us do bad things – someone doing something bad -> not born that way, learned to be that way |
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Who is G. Stanley Hall?
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• milestones and identification of <B>norms</b>
•inborn and dictated by nature • Evolutionary |
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Who is John B. Watson?
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• “<B>behaviourism</b>” – his term
• environmental influences • nurture • “give me 20 children and I can turn them into anything I want – a criminal, a banker, a lawyer..” |
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What is continuity?
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• <B>quantitative change</b> (quantity – more of something)
• change in <B>amount</b> (e.g. you know things when you know more) |
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What is discontinuity?
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• stages of development
•<B> qualitative change </b>(quality – not just more, but different) • change in <B>kind or types</b> (e.g. you know things and then you understand them differently |
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Difference between continuity and discontinuity?
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Friendship changes over time for both perspectives
- homecare/childcare – don’t really have special friends. Play with whoever - as you get older -> have more friends. Change in quantity. (continuity) - choose friends based on interests – quality (discontinuity) Piaget: - children see an object disappear – think it’s gone forever. Do not realize it still exists - later in life realize that it still exists. Proceed to look for it. -> discontinuity – they know more/they know different |
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What is a psychoanalytic theory?
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Behavior is governed by unconscious as well as conscious processes.
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What is Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
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Concepts:
Libido – the driving force Defence mechanisms Personality structures: Id, ego, superego <B>Psychosexual</b> stages: OAPLG=Oral, anal, phalic, latency, genital |
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What is Erik Erikson's psychoanalytic theory?
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Concepts:
Resolution of <B>psychosocial </b>crises that result from<b> cultural demands</b> Psychosocial stages: Eight stages - Birth to death (lifespan theory) Freud and erikson – both rely heavily on the child’s interactions s/he has with key others |
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What is Jean Piaget's Cognitive-Developmental and Information-Processing Theory
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Nature of the human organism is to <B>adapt to its environment </b>(how the child acts on his/her environment)
- concepts: <B>Assimilation </b>– new information <B>Accomodation</b> – modification of information <b>Equilibration</B> – balancing assimilation and accomodation (dog example) - Stage theory of cognitive development |
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What is stage theory of cognitive development?
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All children go through the same kinds of sequential discoveries about their world
Cognitively, children must progress through four distinct stages |
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What is Lev Vytgotsky's Cognitive-Developmental and Information-Processing Theory
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Complex forms of thinking have their origins in social interactions. <B>Development is adaptive</b>
- <B>Scaffolding</b> Need a skilled partner Teachers set up kids to have a partner – place skilled student with weaker students <B>Zone of proximal development</b> • can do with help e.g. have brother or sister who is 4 – can tie their shoes – try to teach 10 month old to tie shoes – not going to happen – 10 month old not in the zone of proximal development |
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What is B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning?
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Pr – positive reinforcement – someone does something because they are praised for it
Nr – negative reinforcement – someone does something so they are not nagged P – punishment – person loses priveleges - loss of something |
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What is Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory?
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-observational learning or modeling
-<b>intrinsic reinforcement </b>(internal drive): Pride <sub>Some kids do what teacher says because they want the praise Eventually they will do it because they will start to feel good about it – sense of pride because they did it right </sub> - the most influential theory among today’s developmental psychologists But still <b>not a “pure” developmental theory</b> Pure=stages and ages (moral decision of a 5 year old, etc) |
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What is the eclectic approach?
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Use of multiple theoretical perspectives to explain and study human development
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What is a zygote?
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single cell/fertilized sperm
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What are chromosomes?
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23 pairs (46) 23 unpaired ½ from ovum ½ from sperm
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What is the difference between DNA and genes?
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DNA: what chromosomes are made of; long string of molecules
Genes: segments of DNA (influence on characteristics and development) -Genes always appear in the same place on the same chromosome for every individual of the same species (e.g. blood type locus=chromosome 9) |
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What is the 23rd pair?
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x and y chromosomes (not duplicates: xx (f) or xy (m)
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What are gametes?
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Ovum & Sperm
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What is meiosis?
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each new cell gets only chromosome from the original pair
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How many genes are on the 23 pairs?
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30,000
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What is a Tubal/ectopic pregnany?
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egg is in the tube, its stuck
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What is a genotype?
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genetic blueprint
“instructions” from the genes |
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What is a phenotype?
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<B>observable characteristics</B>
Genotype+environment+interaction (e.g. FAS, temperment) |
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What is dominant-recessive pattern?
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Dominant genes always express their characteristics
Both recessive genes must be present to express their characteristics Explain to your neighbour how two brown-eyed parents can have a blue-eyed child |
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What is polygenic inheritance?
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Many genes blend together to increase (skin tones, shades of eye colour)
The genetic outcomes seen in the phenotype |
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What are multifactorial patterns?
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Expression of traits that are <B>influenced by both genes and environment</B> (height, intelligence)
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What is genomic imprinting?
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Some genes, are biochemically marked at the time ova and sperm develop in the parents (something inherited from dad might have no effect if on mother’s chromosome)
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What is Mitochondrial Inheritance?
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Genes passed <B>only from mother to child</b> (mitochondria in the fluid that surrounds the ovum before fertilization)
Types of blindness, but mother is not blind |
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What are the two types of twins?
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Identical (monozygotic)
Fraternal (dizygotic) 2/3 are fraternal |
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How often do triplets (or more) happen?
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1:1000 births
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What are the Stages of Prenatal Development?
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(38 weeks - unequal in length)
Germinal Stage - 2 weeks Embryonic Stage - 5 weeks Fetal Stage |
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What happens in the development from conception to birth?
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Week 0 – Week 2; day 2: one cell becomes 4, and the zygote drifts down the fallopian tubes; by day 12 it buries itself into the lining of the uterus; hormones are released to stop the woman’s menstrual cycle; a blastocyst is 60–100 cells that begin to specialize into different developmental support parts.
These are NOT the 3 trimesters |
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Whats the germinal stage?
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The Germinal Stage: Zygote
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What is the embryonic stage?
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The Embryonic Stage: Embryo
Weeks 2/3-8 (post-implantation) |
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What develops each week in the embryonic stage?
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Week 3 – Week 8: neural tube becomes the brain and spinal cord; heart and kidneys develop during week three
Week 5: arms and legs develop Week 6: brain wave activity starts Week 7: penis development; skeletal system and bones begin to develop; eyelids seal shut to protect developing eyes Week 8: liver and spleen begin to function; digestive and urinary systems are functioning – organogenesis |
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What is the fetal stage?
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The Fetal Stage: Fetus (weeks 8/9-38)
Growth statistics (1/4 ounce 1inch to 7.5lb 20 inches) Refinement of all organ systems Surfactant (helps so the lungs don’t collapse) Vernix – vaseliney coating that the baby has on his/her skin <sub>-Moisture, lubricate, heat -antibacterial</sub> Age of viability (24 weeks) – babies born prior to 24 weeks usually wont live |
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When do fetus's recognize their mother's voice?
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25 weeks
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Nervous System review table 2.3 – pg 37 and figure 2.4 on pg 38 (will be on midterm)
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.
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What is Neuronal proliferation?
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the <B>rapid development of neurons </b>(specialized cells of the nervous system) between the 10th and 18th week of gestation. (neurons started back in week 3)
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What is neuronal migration?
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(weeks 13-21) the movement of neurons specialized regions of the brain. More as cell bodies
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When do glial cells begin to develop?
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during migration
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What is the structure of a single developed neuron?
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The cell bodies are the first to be developed, primarily between 10 and 20 weeks of gestation. Axons and dendrites begin to develop in the last 2 months of gestation and continue to increase in size and complexity for several years after birth.
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What is prenatal behaviour in fetuses?
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- can distinguish between familiar and novel stimuli by 32 weeks (mothers reading rhymes – pg. 41)
<sub>- heart rates dropped with familiar rhyme</sub> - can learn prenatally <sub>- the cat in the hat read during last six weeks of pregnancy - sucking rates changed so that infants could hear this story |
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What are problems in prenatal development?
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- Chromosomal errors
- Trisomies: three copies of autosome (*non-sex chromosome) <sub>- trisomy 21: down syndrome •1:800-1000 •Maternal age influence •Self advocate down syndrome |
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What is trisomy 21?
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Down Syndrome
Mental retardation Distinctive facial features Physical abnormalities |
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What are the chances of down syndrome?
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Chance of down syndrome:
>35 = 1:385 40 = 1:106 45 = 1:30 Dads age? 40/35 – only has an effect if the mother is older |
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What are teratogens?
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Maternal Diseases – substances that cause damage to embryo
<sub>Each organ system is most vulnerable to harm when its development is most rapid </sub> - First 8 weeks are most dangerous – growth so rapid – moms don’t know they’re pregnant yet |
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What is rubella?
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Rubella (german measles)
Hearing, vision, heart Vaccinations should be given to all children If you plan on getting pregnant need a rubella vaccination – need to wait 3 months for that vaccination to take full effect exposure during the first 4-5 weeks may cause deafness, cataracts, and heart defects. |
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What is HIV?
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can pass through the placenta or pass to the baby during a vaginal birth; 1/4th of infants become infected; AZT taken by mothers lower the risk factor; weakness in the immune system can lead to complications from other illnesses.
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What is Cytomegalovirus?
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– most prevalent infectious cause of both congenital mental retardation and deafness;1 out of 100 babies are affected.
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What is the timing of teratogen exposure?
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The timing of teratogen exposure is crucial. Notice that teratogens have the most impact during the embryonic stage, except on certain body parts such as the brain and ears, which continue to be at risk for teratogenic effects because they continue to grow and develop during the fetal period.
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What are harmful chemicals to a pregnant woman?
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Mercury – avoid consumption of contaminated fish. - swordfish, tuna and mackerel – medications – dental procedures
Lead – found in paint and pipes, lead crystal. Arsenic – pressure-treated lumber. Dental offices and out-patient surgery could be places which expose pregnant women to harmful gasses. Solvents – paint thinners, alcohol. Parasite-bearing substances – animal feces; undercooked meat, poultry, or eggs. |
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Read strikes booth study
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page 49
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What are other teratogens and maternal factors?
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Vitamin A—large doses may cause malformations of head, face, heart
Aspirin Lead–may lead to lower IQ 3–6% infants and young children have high levels of lead Most are black or Hispanic children in inner cities |
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How many more calories a day should a pregnant woman have?
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300
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What is subnutrition?
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a diet that is barely adequate and lacking in some essential nutrients
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What are folic acid deficiencies?
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risk in neural tube defects
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Stress can change ___________
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hormone levels
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What role does poverty play in pregnancy?
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Low birth weight or stillborn babies are more common in poor mothers
Impoverished women more likely to have earlier pregnancies Good prenatal care may help overcome difficulties |
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What are drugs used during labour and delivery?
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Systemic Analgesics: Tylenol (acetominophen)
Local Anesthesia General Anesthesia Regional Analgesia -<sub>Epidural block</sub> * Nearly all drugs pass through the placenta and affect the infant |
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What is natural or prepared childbirth?
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• Drug free
• Benefit to baby |
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What is lamaze method childbirth?
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• Breathing and relaxation
• Take a deep breath 6 count • Release for 6 counts |
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How is childbirth different if the father is present?
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• Less pain
• Less meds • Faster delivery • Fewer complications |
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What is the birth process?
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<B>Stage 1</b>
Dilation and effacement <sub>Latent phase: contractions are relatively far apart and are not very uncomfortable Active phase: dilation of the cervix from 3–4 centimeters to 8 centimeters and contractions become closer and intense Transitions phase: closely spaced and strong contractions that are painful</sub> <b> Stage 2</b> Birth of the baby <sub>Usually head first, face down Breech Presentation: Feet or buttocks first</sub> <b> Stage 3</b> Delivery of the placenta and umbilical cord (afterbirth) |
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What is anoxia?
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(cord collapses or is pinched= decrease in blood oxygen. TIME is critical
• Cerebral palsy, retardation |
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Why are C-sections done?
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Breech presentation
Fetal size Poor progress during labor Health and age concerns |
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What is the apgar scale?
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Done at birth and then 5 minutes later
At 5 minutes 85-90% score 9 or 10 (10=max) |
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What is the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale?
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Tracks development over 2 weeks
Looking for CNS function (responses to stimuli and reflexes) starts when baby goes home |
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What is the optimal birth weight for a new born?
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3,000 to 5,000 grams (6.6 to 11 pounds)
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What is low birth weight for a new born?
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5.5 pounds
about 100% survival rate low birth weight girls will do better than low birth weight boys low birth weight + premature = dangerous -> high infant mortality |
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What is very low birth weight and extremely low birth weight?
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Very low birth weight = Below 3 lbs
Extremely low birth weight = Below 2.2 lbs 7 times more likely to die |
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What is preterm?
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born before week 38
not necessarily low birth weight |
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What are Small-for-date neonates?
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born on time but small
weight is not within the optimal range typically because moms smoked - constricting the blood supply worse to be small for date than a preme with low brith weight |
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What is Respiratory distress syndrome?
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Lungs lack a chemical to stay inflated
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What is the best way to reduce complications in newborns?
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Adequate parental education and support reduces the risk of complications
#1 way to help you know what to look for, you intervene when you need to, you access the proper health care for the baby and yourself |
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What are the two sets of reflexes?
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adaptive and primitive
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What are adaptive reflexes?
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Disappear during first year of life
Help survival Sucking Swallowing rooting Weak or absent reflexes warn of possible neuronal development problems |
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What are primitive reflexes?
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Controlled by the medulla and midbrain (less sophisticated parts of the brain)
Moro reflex – startle reflex – hands on stomach video Babinski reflex Disappearance of these reflexes should occur by 6 to 8 months (CNS is maturing as it should) Persistence indicates neurological problems |
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State of consciousness chart
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read
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States of consciousness - what is sleep?
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Parents are clock conscious and teach their children to fit their sleep to the clock
Sleep begets sleep – don’t try to “wear them out” <sub>when little kids get tired, they become overtired and become hyper and wild |
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States of consciousness - why do babies cry?
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Newborns – 2% to 11% of the day spent crying
Soothing techniques are similar around the world Usually signals need – attracts attention Piercing cries are associated with problems <sub>E.g. lower IQ at age 5 Down syndrome Brain damage read box on page 68 </sub> Parents can differentiate cries of their own babies |
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What is colic?
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Persistent and often inconsolable crying, totaling more than 3 hours per day
Disappears at 3-4 months |
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What are motor skills?
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Emerge gradually in early weeks of life
Follow two broad patterns: <B>Cephalocaudal </B>– development proceeds from head to toe - able to control head and neck before they can walk <b>Proximodistal </b>– development proceeds from the trunk out towards the fingers - can move arms before they can move fingers |
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What is temperament?
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Inborn predispositions that form foundations of personality (1st day of life, 65% of babies could be classified)
Thomas and Chess -Easy child -Difficult child -Slow to warm up child Patterns tend to persist into later childhood read definitions in book |
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What is bottle feeding?
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Can be high quality
Special needs formulas available Babies can be held and cuddled in the same was as breastfed babies Infant social reactions are identical to breastfed babies |
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What are solid foods?
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Do not encourage babies to sleep through the night
Should start between 4-6 months First foods are rice cereal with iron -Introduce 1 new food a week No peanut butter until at least age 1 |
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What are health problems in early infancy?
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Diarrhea
Upper Respiratory Infections Ear infections (Otitis Media) |
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What is SIDS?
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sudden infant death syndrome
Apparently healthy baby dies suddenly More common in babies with apnea More frequent in babies who sleep on their stomachs Higher risk if mother smokes during pregnancy or anyone smokes in the home after birth |
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Brain and the nervous system?
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System develops rapidly during first 2 years
Midbrain and medulla are most fully developed at birth The cerebral cortex is least developed |
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What does the medulla do?
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<B>regulates vital functions</b> such as heartbeat and respiration, attention, sleeping, waking, elimination, and movement of the head and neck.
The cortex is responsible for perception, body movement, thinking, and language. |
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Growth Spurts: Developmental timeline
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One month intervals until 5 months
Spurts at 8, 12, and 20 months Middle childhood spurts associated with improved eye-hand coordination and fine motor skills - children start to play sports, cursive writing, instruments 10–12 year olds have growth in frontal lobes 13–15 year olds have growth in spatial and motor areas - more coordinated, better at sports, abstract art and math 17-year olds have growth in frontal lobes that are associated with logic and planning - adultlike logic and planning |
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What is Synaptogenesis?
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Creation of synapses
Rapid occurrence during first years after birth Brain weight triples by age 2 Happens in spurts |
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What is pruning?
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Unnecessary pathways and connections are eliminated
Early in development, each muscle cell seems to develop synaptic connections with several motor neurons in the spinal cord. But after the pruning process has occurred, each muscle fiber is connected to only one neuron. Some neurophysiologists have suggested that the initial surge of synapse formation follows a built-in pattern (Greenough et al., 1987). The organism seems to be programmed to create certain kinds of neural connections and does so in abundance, creating redundant pathways. According to this argument, the pruning that takes place beginning at around 18 months is a response to experience, resulting in selective retention of the most efficient pathways. |
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What is synaptic development?
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Both processes (synaptogensis and pruning) heavily dependent on <B>experiences</b>
• follows “use it or lose it” dictum - young brains more vulnerable but quicker to recover • early flexibility allows children to adapt to environment better • programmed plasticity is in it’s the infancy (plasticity=respond to experience) |
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What effect does young/old brain have?
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the older you are when something goes wrong, the less quickly you bounce back
developmental delay-> can get over it quicker. some trauma that occurs later in life-> harder to fix |
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What is myelinization?
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<B>Formation of myelin sheath</b>
<sub>Rapid (but not done) during first 2 years </sub> <B>Cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns</B> <B>Developmental path</b> <sub> Vision by age 2 Motor by age 3-4 - can use scissors, crayons, etc </sub> <B> Functions</b> <sub> Improved brain functioning Example: reticular formation (selective attention) not done until mid-20s |
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What is reticular formation?
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your reticular formation (brain structure that helps you pay attention to <B>whats relevant</b> and keep out what not important) develops until mid 20s
e.g. you get a quiz every friday on white paper -> one week it's on blue paper. you would be ok. not important if you do this to 8 year olds, they can get really hung up on this fact |
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What is myelinization? pt 2
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Helps with <B>selective attention</b> in middle childhood (continues mid 20s)
Associational areas are myelinized by the time children enter school (speed) Hippocampus neurons are also myelinized at this time (memory, spatial, cognition, navigation) Helps in improving long-term memory (1st memory=about age 3) |
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What is Cephalocaudal?
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head to toe
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The Endocrine and Reproductive Systems
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<B>Pituitary gland </B> - hormone release from other glands
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Hormones influence onset of puberty - what are primary and secondary sex characteristics?
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Primary sex characteristics: development of testes and ovaries
Secondary sex characteristics:breasts in girls; changes in voice and pitch and beard in boys; and their body hair for both |
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What is the sequence of change in girls?
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Development of pubic hair and breasts
Growth spurt follows Menarche follows 2 years after other visible signs <sub>occurs between 12 ½ and 13 ½ <sub>follows a secular trend – caused by changes in diet and lifestyle (diet high in fats and obesity=hormonal changes) <sub>possible to conceive shortly after menarche,but irregularly is the norm (80% ovulating 2 years post) |
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What is the sequence of change in boys?
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Growth spurts come later in the stages than in girls (see figure 4.9 on page 95)
Development of beard and lowering of voice comes late in the stages Boys can attain fertility as early as age 12 or as late as age 16 *a fair amount of variation for males and females and still = “normal” |
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Why does early maturing of girls cause them to develop an endomorphic body type that is somewhat undesirable?
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Suffer more negative body image
Get into more trouble in school Engage in delinquent behaviour Experience more depression Get into bad peer groups Abuse substances Ballet dancers? Brooks-gunn’s study – pg. 95 read and know |
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Why do early maturing boys develop a mesomorphic body type that is culturally admired?
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Have positive body image
Do better in school (adult success) Get in less trouble and have more friends Substance abuse? - He looks older, so he attracts the attention of older people who want to do drugs and drink Can be more hostile and aggressive Experience stressful life experiences when developing early |
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High school sexual experience across ethnic groups
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(pg. 96 – read)
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Social factors are better predictors of sexual activity than hormones. Why?
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Poor neighbourhoods
Less adult monitoring More likely to use alcohol Many abused/neglected in early childhood Early menarche, early dating Sometimes history of sexual abuse |
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Teenage pregnancy?
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Higher in United States than in any other Western industrialized country - teen pregnancy in US - 40:1000 - teen pregnancy in Canada - 28:1000
Ethnic differences - pg. 96 -> ethnic groups break down with frequency of sexual activeness Older adolescent births are more common - most teen pregnancies are older teens - 18, 19 |
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Homosexuality: What is the Programmed at Birth Hypothesis
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Prenatal hormone patterns may be a causal factor in homosexuality
Long bones in arms and legs of homosexual school-age children do not grow as fast as heterosexuals 1% of adolescent boys and .4% of adolescent girls define themselves as homosexuals. A larger number suggested they were unsure of their sexual orientation. |
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Nutrition in children?
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Children may eat less than when they were babies
Rarely overweight prior to age 2 Acquire eating habits at this time: food aversions Become more open to new foods during the school years |
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Obesity in children?
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Incidence may be increasing
Body bass index For children, use bmi for age and gender The older children get, the more likely they are to remain obese Health problems <sub>High cholesterol, hbp-> heart disease later in life |
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What are ways of studying early perceptual skills?
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• <B>Preference technique</b>
<sub>- how long do babies look at something? (Fantz, 1956). Reveals differences and preferences</sub> <B> • Habituation </b> <sub>- keep showing a baby the same thing until he gets bored with it and stops looking, change it, baby looks again = baby perceives differences</sub> <b> • Reinforcement </b> <sub> - use interesting sounds or objects to reinforce a specific behaviour such as head turning |
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Sensory Skills - what is seeing?
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Seeing (biology [synapses/eye] and experience)
<sub>- visual acuity - birth 20/200-20/400 (from 20 feet a baby can see what an adult with normal vision can see at 200/400 feet) - 20/20 by 6 months <B>- tracking</b> <sub>- not too good at it until somewhere in the 6-10 week range when there is a shift - study by aslin (figure 5.1, pg. 119) - color vision – infants can see colors - cone cells in the eyes (red and green, probably blue too) present by 1 month, maybe at birth. (synapse or structure?) |
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What is visual cliff?
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Gibson and Walk
- early research on depth perception (6 months- 10 years) - stereopsis – binocular fusion (why kids get better at catching and throwing) - binocular cues – both eyes (4 months) - monocular cues – one eye (5-7 months) - interposition (things partially hidden) - relative size (size and distance) - linear perspective (railroad tracks narrowing) - use of kinetic cues (3 months) - your own motion or motion of objects |
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What do babies look at at 2 months?
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First focus on where objects are in the world
Scan light/dark contrasts to search for the edge of objects Look at motion |
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What do babies look at at 2-3months?
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Shift to what an object is
Larger degree of detail noticeable Pay attention to patterns Caron’s study (fig. 5.3, pg. 123) |
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What type of faces do babies prefer?
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Infants prefer attractive faces (inborn, perceptual rule… is there a template for an attractive face? – read page 124)
Mother’s face preferred from birth Recognition of mother’s voice turns infant attention to the face It’s about the hairline (edge) until 4 months |
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What is object perception?
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Spelke & Kinzler (2007) argue that babies are born with built-in assumptions about objects.
<sub>Connected surface principle Object perception Read study on pg. 128 (or around there)</sub> Baillargeon (2008) argues that strategies for learning are innate and are modified by experience (figure 5.6, pg 128). <sub>By 5 months, babies know things can fall |
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What is object permanence?
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understanding that objects still exist even when they are out of view
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What are piaget's stages of development?
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2 months: baby shows some indication of surprise when an object is hidden and then “disappears”
-Has a rudimentary schema about the permanence of an object 6-8 months: babies begin to search for partially hidden objects and look for dropped objects - out of sight out of mind 8-12 months: infants actively search for hidden objects Seems biologically driven (zambian babies) with experimental effects in the long term (6 months ahead 9&12 months behind) |
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Infants pay attention to social/emotional cues by ___ months
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2-3
Initially respond to facial expressions and vocal content By 5-7 months, infants read facial expressions and vocal content as separate channels of information |
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What is early discrimination of emotional expressions?
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By 12 months, infants responds to novel situations by “social referencing” - Babies with depressed mothers are at risk of developmental, self-esteem, and attachment issues
Cross-cultural studies suggest similarity in facial expressions for basic emotions of fear, happiness, sadness, anger, and disgust. |
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What are Piaget's basic ideas?
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<B>scheme</b>
The basic action of knowing, including physical and mental actions (pick up a ball and look at it) Schemes build on a small repository of simple sensory or motor schemes, such as taste and sucking <B>organization</b> As people act on their environments, an inborn mental process causes them to derive generalizable schemes from specific experiences (increase in complexity over time) |
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What is the Sensorimotor Period
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<B>Primary Circular Reactions
</b> sucking on fingers or thumbs simple repetitive behaviours involving the infants body not necessarily making the connection that they have the ability to cause things outside their body <B>Secondary Circular Reactions </b> 4-8 months things happen outside world and child can make them happen repeating actions involving objects making interesting actions last <B>Tertiary Circular Reaction </b> tries out variations of actions |
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What is Piaget’s Preoperational Stage?
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Egocentrism: 18 months-6 - child sees the world from own perspective and cannot see it from others' perspectives
three mountain task - ego - preoperational kids cannot understand what researcher would see |
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What is conservation?
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understanding that quantity or amount of a substance remains the same even when there are external changes in its shape or arrangement
(centration= one aspect at a time) just because you change the shape of it (playdoh) you know there is the same amonnt still there- child cannot do that mental conservation Typically, children do not have this understanding until after |
