Child Psych Chapter 5

Front 1

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Back 1

A disorder in which the individual consistently and repeatedly shows age-inappropriate behavious in the two general categories of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, resulting in significant impairment in life functioning.

Front 2

Attentional Capacity

Back 2

The amount of imformation in short-term memory to which one can attend.

Front 3

Alerting

Back 3

Refers to an initial reaction to a stimulus, and involves the ability to prepare for what is about to happen.

Front 4

ADHD: combined type (ADHD-C)

Back 4

A subtype of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder characterized by a combination of inattentive symptoms and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. Those with this type are more likely to display problems in inhibiting behaviour and in behavioural persistence. They are also most likely to be aggressive, defiant, rejected by peers, and suspended from school or placed in special education. These children are the ones most often referred for treatment.

Front 5

ADHD: predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type (ADHD-HI)

Back 5

A subtype of attnetion-deficit/hyperactivity disorder characterized by predominantly hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. THey are more likely to display problems in inhibiting behaviour and behavioural persistence. They are also most likely to be aggressive, defiant, rejected by peers, and suspended from school or placed in special education classes. This is the most rare group. This sub-type primarily includes preschoolers and may have limited validity for older children.

Front 6

ADHD: predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-PI)

Back 6

A subtype of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder characterized by predominantly inattentive symptoms. Those in the "pure" attention deficit type are described as inattentive, drowsy, daydreamy, or easily confused. They may have a learning disability, process information slowly, find it hard to remember things ,and display low academic achievement. They are often rated as anxious and apprehensive, socially withdrawn, and may display mood disorders.

Front 7

Distractibility

Back 7

A term used to describe deficits in selective attention.

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Executive functions

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Higher-order mental processes that enable a child to maintain a problem-solving set in order to attain a future goal. Examples of executive functions include: working memory, mental computation, flexibility of thinking, internalization of speech, response inhibition, motor coordination, self-regulation of arousal levels, and mature moral reasoning, among others.

Front 9

Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD)

Back 9

A disorder characterized by marked motor incoordination (eg. clumsiness and delays in achieving motor milestones)

Front 10

Hyperactive

Back 10

Displaying an unusually high level of energy and an inability to remain still or quiet.

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Impulsive

Back 11

Prone to acting with little or no consideration of posible consequences. This term is frequently used to describe children who suffer from ADHD.

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Inattentive

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Lacking the ability or focus or sustain one's attention. Children who are inattentive find it difficult to sustain mental effort during work or play and behave carelessly, as if they are not listening.

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Positive illusory bias

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A person's report of higher self-esteem than is warranted by his or her behaviour. This exaggeration of one's competence may, for example, cause a child with ADHD to perceive their relationships with their parents no differently than do control children, even though their parents see things in a more negative light.

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Selective attention

Back 14

The ability to concentrate exclusively on relevant stimuli and to avoid distraction by irrelevant stimuli in the environment.

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Subtype

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A group of people with a specific disorder who have something in common, such as symptoms, etiology, problem severity, or likely outcome, that makes them distinct from people with other subtypes of the same disorder.

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Sustained attention

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The ability to maintain a persistent focus of attention over time or when fatigued.

Front 17

Tic disorders

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Disorders characterized by sudden, repetitive, nonrhythmic motor movements or phonic productions, such as eye blinking, facial grimacing, throat clearing, and grunting, etc.

Front 18

Frontostriatal circuitry of the brain

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A structure of the brain consisting of the prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia; associated dwith attention, executive functions, delayed response, and response organization. Abnormalities within this structure have been linked to ADHD.

Front 19

Goodness of fit

Back 19

The extent to which two things are suited.

Front 20

Methylphenidate

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The stimulant medication most commonly used in treating children with ADHD. It is sold under the name Ritalin.

Front 21

Parent management training (PMT)

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A program aimed at teaching parents to cope effectively with their child's difficult behaviour and their own reactions to it.

Front 22

Response-cost procedures

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A technique for managing a subject's behaviour that involves the loss of reinforcers such as privileges, activities, points, or tokens in response to inappropriate behaviour.

Front 23

Stimulant medications

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Drugs that alter the activity in the frontostriatal region of the brain by impacting three or more neurotransmitters important to the functioning of this region - dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinehprine, and possibly serotonin.