Child Psyc Test 1

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Science of human development

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seeks to understand how and why all people, everywhere, change or remain the same over time

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Empirical

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based on observation and experimentation rather than theory alone

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scientific method

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is a way to answer questions that requires empirical research and data based conclusions

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5 steps of the scientific method

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1. pose a research questions
2. develop a hypothesis
3. test the hypothesis
4. draw conclusions
5. allow for replication

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hypothesis

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a testable prediction

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replication

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means to repeat a test of a research hypothesis and to try to obtain the same results using different participants

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nature

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refers to all the traits that a person inherits from his or her parents

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Nurture

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refers to all the environmental influences that affect devlopment

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difference equals deficit error

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is the false belief that deviations from average devlopment are always inferior

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dynamic systems approach

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views human devlopment as in a constant state of flux (dynamic) and as the product of the interaction between systems within the person and the environment

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continuity

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refers to stability in a developmental characteristic over time

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discontinuity

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refers to lack of stability or change in a developmental characteristic over time

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critical period

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is a time when a particular type of development must occur

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sensitive period

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is a time when a particular type of development happens most easily

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diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

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official guide to the diagnosis of mental disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association

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ecological systems approach

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to developmental research takes into consideration the relationship between the individual and the environment

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cohort

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a group of ppl who because they were born within a few years of each other experience many of the same historical changes

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socioeconomic status

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is determined by his or her income, education, place of residence occupation, and other factors

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ethnic group

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is a collection of people whos ancestors were born in the same region, usually sharing a language, culture, and religion

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race

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a misleading social construction for a group of people who are regarded (by themselves or others) as distinct on the basis of physical appearance

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social construction

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is an idea that is based on shared perceptions, not on objective reality

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mirror neurons

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are cells in a person's brain that respond to the observed actions of others in the same way they would if the observer had done that action

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plasticity

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is the idea that developmental traits can change throughout one's lifetime

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scientific observation

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is the unobtrusive watching and recording of participants behavior in a systematic and objective manner, either in the lab or in a natural setting

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experiment

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research method designed to untange cause from effect by manipulating one variable to observe the effect on another variable

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independent variable

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is the variable that is manipulated in an experiment to observe what effect it has on the dependent variable

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dependent variable

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is the variable that may change as a result of whatever new condition or situation is added in an experiment

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experimental group

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group exposed to the independent variable being studied

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comparison/control group

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one in which the treatment of interest is withheld so comparison can be made

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survey

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research method in which information is collected from large numbers of people through questionnaires, personal interview, or some other means

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case study

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is the research method involving the intensive study of one person

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cross sectional research

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groups of ppl who differ in age but share other important charascteristics with regard to the variable under investigation

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longitudinal research

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same group of individual is studied over long periods of time

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cross sequential

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follows group of ppl at diff ages over time,

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correlation

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a number indicating the degree of relationship between two variables, such that one is likely or unlikely to occur

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quantative research

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collects data that are expressed with numbers

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qualitative research

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collects non numerical descriptions characteristics and ideas

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code of ethics

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guide to blah blah

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psychoanalytic theory

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a grand theory of human development that holds that irrational unconscious drives and motives often originating in childhood underlie human behavior

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behaviorism

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a grand theory emphasizes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned

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conditioning

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is the learning process that occurs either through the association of two stimuli (classical conditioning) or the use of reinforcement (operant conditioning)

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classical conditioning

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neutral stimuli becomes associated with a meaningful one

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operant conditioning

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is the process by which a response is gradually learned through reinforcement or punishment

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reinforcement

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is the process by which a particular action is folowed by comething desired (which makes the person or animal more likely to repeat the action) or by something unwanted ( which makes the action less likely to repeat)

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social learning theory

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extention of behaviorism, emphasizes that people often learn new behaviors through observation and imitation of other people

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modeling

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refers to the process by which we observe other people's behavior and then copy it

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self - efficacy

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is the belief that one is effective

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cognitive theory

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a grand theory emphasizes that the way people think and understand the word

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cognitive equilibrium

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paiget;s theory
a state of mental balance in which a person's thoughts about the world seem to not clash with each other or with his or her experiences

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sociocultural theory

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an emergent theory seeks to explain dev as the result of a dynamic interaction between dev persons and the surrounding social and cultural forces

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guided participation

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in sociocultural theory, it is a learning process in which the learned is tutored or mentored through social interation with a teacher also called (apprenticeship in thinking)

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Zone of proximal dev

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according to vygotsky
dev growth occurs when mentors draw children into the zone of proximal dev, which is the range of skills knowlegde and concepts the child is close to acquiring but cannot master without help

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epigenetic theory

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an emergent theory emphasizes the genetic origins of behavior but also stresses that genes over time, are directly and systematically affected by environmental forces

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selective adaptation

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is the process by which humans and other species gradually adjeust to their environment whether a genetic trait increases or decreases over generations depends on whether it contributes to survival and reproductive ability

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dev theory

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is a system statement of principles and generalizations that provides a coherent framework for understanding how and why people change as theyr grow older

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eclectic perspective

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use diff elements from several theories insteading of using only one

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the individual

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the individual brings his or her own characteristics and own responses to this ecology

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microsytem

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interchanges, face to face interactions, between the target person and other individuals. immediate settings in which the individual develops

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mesosystem

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the relations between microsystems interchanges two systems or two individuals who are outside the target, example; teacher talks to mother; father and mother argue

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exosystem

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the resources of the community, the infrastructure. larger scale settings and institutions that have an impact on the individual, but at a distance - schools, health clinics, running water

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macrosystem

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broad cultural demographic and institutional patterns of a culture. politics, religion, sweeping issues affecting the world and the region. ideas, moral standards, assumptions. examples: war, government, universal health care

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chronosystem

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time in history, this includes both the broad sweep of what century we live in and the more proximal influence of recent events

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ethical standards

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inform, assure, confidentiality, never assume

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professional journals in human dev

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always read over the topic in multiple journals

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books

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there are many books that also cover human dev topics

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internet

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a mixed blessing, many websites on the internet to improve child psyc

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population

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the entire group about whom a scientist wants to learn

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participants

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the individuals who are studied in a specific research project

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sample

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a selection from the larger group

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representative sample

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a same that reflects the population

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blind

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a condition who are deliberately kept ignorant of the purpose so that they cannnot unintentionally bias the answers

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operational definition

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a desciption of the specific observable behavior that constitute the variable that is studied. (they were smart and gifted, they were mad, etc)

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meta-analysis

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technique of combining results to come to a conclusion

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effect size

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a way to indicate statistically, how much of an impact the ind var had on the dep var

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DNA

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is a molecule that contains the chemical instructions for cells to manufacture various protiens

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chromosomes

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are moleules of DNA that contain the genes organized in precise sequences. each cell contains 46 chromosomes

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genes

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are segments of a chromosome which is a DNA molecule; they are the basic units for the transmission of hereditary instructions

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allele

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is one of the normal versions of a gene that has several possible sequences of base pairs

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genome

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is the full set of genes that are the instructions to make an individual member of a certain species

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gametes

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are the human reproductive cells

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zygote

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is the single cell formed during conception by the fusing of two gametes a sperm and an ovum

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genotype

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the total of all the genes a person inherits... his or her genetic potential

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23rd pair

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of chromosomes in human determines the individual's sex

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xx

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is the female chromosome

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xy

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is the will be male

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monozygotic (mz)

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twins dev from one zygote hat splits apart producting genetically identical zygotes

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dizygotic (dz)

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dev from two separate ova fertilized by different sperm at roughly the same time, and therefore are no more geneticlly similar than ordinary siblings (fraternal twins)

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infertility

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is the inability to conceive after at least one year of trying

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assisted reproductive technology (art)

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refers to various techniques avaliable to help infertile couples conceive and sustain a pregnancy

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in vitro fertilization (IVF)

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is a form of ART in which ova surgically removed from a woman are mixed with sperm if a zygote is produced its inserted in the woman's uterus after three duplications

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phenotype

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the actual physical or behavioral expression of a genotype, the result of the interaction of the genes with eachother and with the environment

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polygenic

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that is they are affected by many genes

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multifactorial

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human traits are influenced by many factors including genetic and environmental factors

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the human genome project

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an international effort to map the complete human genetic code was essentially completed in 2001

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additive genes

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the phenotype reflects the sum of the contributions of all the alleles involved the alleles affecting height, for example, interact in this fashion

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dominant recessive pattern

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is the interaction of a gene's alleles in such a way that the phenotype reveals the influence of the dominant gene more than that of the recessive genes

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carrier

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person who has ressesive gene but it doesnt show up in the phenotype

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x linked genes

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are genes that are located only on the x chromosome because males have only one x chromosome they are more likely than females to have characteristics determined by these genes in their phenotype

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heritability

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is a stat that refers to the percentage of variation in a particular trait within a particular population, in a particular context and era, that can be traced to genes

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mosaicism

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refers to the condition in which a person has a mix of cells some normal some with an odd number of chromosomes or a series of missing genes

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down syndrome

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the most common extra chromosome condition people with down syndrome age faster have unusual facial features and heart abormalities and develope alheimers

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fragile x syndrome

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is a single gene disorder in which part of the x chromosome is attached by such a thin string of molecules that it seems about to break off although the characteristics associated with this sndrome are quite varied, some mental deficiency is relatively common

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genetic counseling

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involves consultations and tests through which couples can learn more about their genes and thus can make informed decisions about their childbearing and child rearing future

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phenykentonuria (pku)

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a genetic disorder in which the body cannot metabolize the common food substance phenylalanine

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germinal period

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the first two weeks of dev after conception, characterized by rapid cell division and the beginning of cell differentiation

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memory aid (germinal period)

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a germcell is one from which a new organism can develop. the germinal period is the first stage in development

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embryonic period

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approximately the third through the eigth week of prenatal development when the basic forms of all body structure develops

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fetal period

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from the ninth week after conception until birth, when the organs grow in size and mature in functioning

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blastocyst

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during the germinal period, once the developing cell mass begins to take on distinct charateristics

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placenta

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the organ that develops in the uterus to protect and nourish the developing person

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implantation

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is the process by which the zygote burrows into the placento that lines the uterus where it can be nourished and protected during growth

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embryo

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the name given to the developing human organism from about the third through the eighth week after conception

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fetus

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the name for the developing human organism from the start of the ninth week after conception until birtth

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age of viability

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about 22 weeks after conception the fetus cn have some slight chance of survival outside the uterus if specialized medical care is avaliable

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teratogens

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are agents and conditions such as viruses, drugs, chemicals, extreme stress, and malnutrition, that can impair prenatal devlopment and lead to birth defects or even death

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behavioral teratogens

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agents and conditions that can damage the brain, impairing the future child's intellectual and emotional functioning

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teratology

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the study of birth defects

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risk analysis

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what teratology is, it attempts to evaluate what factors make prenatal harm more of lesss likely to occur

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threshold effect

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is the harmful effect of a substance that occurs when exposure to it reaches a certain level

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interaction effect

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occurs when one teratogen intensifies the harmful effects of another

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fetal alcohol syndrome

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a cluster of birth defects that includes abnormal facial characteristics, slow physical growth, behavioral problems, and retarded mental development

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fetal alcohol effects

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diagnosed when a new born has some signs of fetal alcohol syndrome but not enough to be diagnosed with the disorder

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sonogram

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an image on an unborn fetus produced with high frequency sound waves

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apgar scale

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assigns the score of 0,1,2 to each of five characteristics: heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, color, and reflexes, a score of 7 or bettwe, indicates that all is well

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cesarean section

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the fetus is removed from the mother surgically

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doula

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a woman who works alongside medical staff to assist a woman through labor and delivery

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anoxia

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a temporary lack of oxygen during the birth process that, if prolonged can cause brain damage or death to the baby

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cerebral palsy

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a muscular control disorder caused by damage to the brain's motor centers during or before birth

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low birthweight

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less that 5.5 pounds many risk factors for many immediate and long term problems

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very low birth weight (vlbw)

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less than 3 pounds 5 ounces

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extremely low birthweight (elbw)

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less than 2 pounds

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preterm birth

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born 3 or more weeks before the due date

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small for gestational age (SGA)

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infant who weight less than they should given how much time has passed since conception

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kangaroo care

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occurs when the mother of a low birthweight infant spends at least one hour a day holding her infant between her breasts

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parental alliance

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refers to the cooperation and mutual support between mother and father because of their mutual commitment to their children

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postpartum depression

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a new mother's feeling of sadness and inadequacy in the days and weeks after giving birth

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parent-infant bond

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describes the strong feelings of attachment between parent and child in the early momrnts of their relationship together