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217 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How do children during middle childhood describe themselves?
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academic achievement, athletic prowess, peer popularity, physical appearance, and behavioral conduct
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Older children use social comparison information to do what?
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evaluate competence and ability to throw light on their own status
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According to Susan Harter, children do NOT really develop a concept of their overall worth as a person until they are approximately how old?
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8 years old
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When do children first show evidence of social self-conceptions?
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during the school age years
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If an attitude or value is inconsistent with our self concepts, we are likely to do what with it?
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they deny it and don't assimilate it
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When seeking out information to reinforce their self concept, for what do children look?
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information consistent with their self evaluations
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If Ming who believes he is stupid, receives a good grade on a test, what will he most likely believe?
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the test was so easy anyone could do it
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Childhood friendships have been shown to serve what functions?
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a way for children to learn to socialize and communicate
provide self knowledge along with knowledge of the world and other people give children emotional support provide experience in handling intimacy and mutual regulation |
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BEfore the age of 8, what is the principal basis for friendship?
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common activity
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Between the ages of 8 and 10, what is the principal basis for friendship?
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how helpful they are
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What percentage of children in middle childhood have cross-sex relationships?
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5%
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During middle childhoodm what is the most important consideration in forming friendships?
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gender
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Which ethnic group emphasizes caring, positive exchange of ideas as on important aspect of friendship?
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Asian Americans
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Which of the following elementary school children is Most likely to say "Friends are people who respect and accept you"
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an African American child
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You are asking elementary school children to explain what makes a "good friend" Baxter, a european american boy is most likely to say what?
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a person who recognizes your needs
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In describing their friends to other people, on what do younger children focus?
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concrete characteristics
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What do older children include in descriptions of their friends that young ones do not?
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they will use comparitive statements that describe personal qualities
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Girls tend to structure their friendships around what?
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triads
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What are the two types of unpopular children?
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rejected and neglected
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Which of the two types of unpopular children is actively disliked?
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rejected
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Identify characteristics of a neglected child.
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shy, rarely aggressive, withdraws in the face of others' aggression, antisocial, not assertive, lots of solitary activity, spend mor etime with larger groups
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Identify an example of a neglected child.
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they are not disliked they are simply overlooked by their peers
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On average, how many violent acts are shown per hour on primetime television programs?
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8-12
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What happens to children who watch a lot of violence?
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they tend to be more aggressive
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Many studies show a positive correlation between amount of aggressive television viewed and aggressive behavior. What conclusion can be confidently drawn from such correlational studies.
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there is no cause effect that proved aggressive behavior
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When kiki first saw a violent movie, she was scared and disgusted. But now that she has seen several such movies, she is barely affected by them. Why?
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she has become desensitized
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What percentage of children rejected by their peers during middle childhood remain that way 5 years later?
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30 to 50 percent
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What happens to their popularity when children are placed into entirely new groups of previously unfamiliar peers?
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their popularity tends to be the same
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Which children face the greatest risk of displaying deviatn, antisocial behavior, and other serious adjustment problems later in life?
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rejected children
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Marie is a very shy, self-concious fifth grader in a new school. How might her teacher help Marie?
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by avoiding overprotectiveness and encouraging risk taking
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To help rejection sensitive children develop more prosocial behaviors, adults need to encourage them to do what?
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to alter their expectations of rejections
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Marcia wants to do something concrete to help reduce the harmful effects of TV violence on her children, but does not want to ban all of the violent shows. Of the following, the one that is least likely to result in a reduction in the farmful effects of TV violence on MArcia's children would be to do what?
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to tell her children that the aggression is not good without going into a long lecture
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The assumption that rules are external and absolute is referred to as what? Identify an example.
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moral realism, ex:behavior is totally right or totally wrong
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Dexter reads a story about a girl who breaks her brother's nintendo game when she accidentally puts her heavy backpack on it. He is asked what the giurls parents should do when they find out about the broken game, and dexter says that the girl should probably be spanked or punished. based on this information, you might conclude that dexter is at the stage of moral reasoning that piaget termed what?
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moral realism
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According to piaget, the moral reasoning of 10-12 year olds is characterized by what?
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a focus on the harm doers intentions rather than the magnitude of the misdeed
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According to piaget, a child who says that the wrongess of an act depends on the individuals intentions, and who recognizes that social rules may not always hold is at which stage of moral development.
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moral relativism
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What did piaget think about the moral reasoning of those under age 4?
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children are in a premoral period, they have little conception of what a rule is and what purpose it serves
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What is the most common criticism of piagets theory of moral reasoning?
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the stories are too long and complex for young children, also some researchers believe children do not necessarily belong to either one stage or another and may give situation specific responses
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Which two psychologists had the most influence on the study of moral development?
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piaget and kohlberg
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Name Kohlbergs three levels of moral reasoning.
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preconventional morality
conventional morality postconventional morality |
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At the preconventional level of moral reasoning, upon what are moral decisions based?
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avoidance of punishment
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According to kohlberg when do most children reach stage 2 of moral reasoning?
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7-11 years old
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According to kohlberg what is the focus of stage 2 of moral reasoning?
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self interest
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Identify one criticism of kohlbergs theory.
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culturally biased
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Kohlberg places most women at which of his stages of moral reasoning?
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stage 3
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the highest levels of moral reasoning are seen in children from which homes?
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democratic parenting homes
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With which levels of moral reasoning are power assertive techniques related?
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lower levels of moral reasoning
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Who did piaget beleive were the arbiters of moral development?
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childrens peers
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According to piaget, peer group experiences help children move awway from what?
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moral realism
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Someone who has an involuntary response to emotional cues from other people is showing what?
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empathy
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What is required before children can develop a sense of empathy?
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must develop awareness that people may have responses to a situation that differ from their own
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what percentage of today's american families consist of a first time marriage of two opposite sex adults and their children?
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less than 20%
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Over the last 40 years the divorce rate has increased by what percentage?
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100%
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What percentage of divorced men eventually remarry?
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75%
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Children are most likely to assume that they are the cause of the divorce when they are what age?
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preschool age
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Who recovers the best from the divorce of parents?
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girls
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What percentage of single mothers have child support agreements?
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75%
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Of single mothers with child support agreements, what percentage receive no payment at all?
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25%
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Idenfity factors found to be associated with better post divorce adjustment in children.
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adequate parenting, adequate financial support
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Approx. what percentage of new marriages in the us are remarriages?
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50&
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What is the projection for remarriages compared with first marriages?
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more likely to end in divorce
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What is typically the most difficult issue in step families?
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discipline
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Identify an accurate statement concerning children in blended families.
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girls do worse, addition of stepfather is good for boys, boys adapt better to remarriage
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Divorced parents who produce the most well adjusted children are those who do what?
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form good relations
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Identify one of the most important things stepparents can do to help the new blended family be a success.
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support the efforts of the bilogical parent
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Terry A. suggests that in blended families, weekly family meetings can help the family to handle practical everyday problems. These meetings will be most beneficial if they are led by whom?
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rotated each week among family members
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Based on the research evidence into step parenting, what should you expect that in blended families where both parents bring children into the marriage?
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more behavioral problems with children
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What often happens to fathers in stepparent families?
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they become disengaged from step children for the way they are treated
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When is physical growth the slowest (per year)?
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midddle childhood
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What happens to their overall growth rate as children move from infancy and toddlerhood into the preschool and early school years (ages 2 through 12)?
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it slows down
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By the age of 11, the average girl will reach what percentage of her adult height?
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90%
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What is the MOST outstanding change in a child's body during middle childhood?
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the changing proportion of the child's head to his or her body
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Identify a strong clue that girls mature faster than boys.
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skeletal age
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Skeletal age can estimate the approximate age at which puberty will be achieved. Where are measurements taken?
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an x ray of the hand and wrist
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Why are children more susceptible to bone infections carried by the bloodstream?
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they have a greater blood supply than adults
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The rapid increase in muscle growth which accounts for the major portion of weight gain during middle childhood begins at what age?
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5 or 6
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Identify the most common cause of heart disease in children.
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rheumatic fever
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During middle childhood what is the effect of the lengthening and narrowing of the eustachian tube?
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it makes it more difficult for disease organisms to invade
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Describe brain growth during middle childhood.
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it is slow and steady and reaches 90% of its adult weight makes connections
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When does the brain have a high rate of metabolic activity to support fast growth and development?
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2,8-10 years old
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Pruning processes in the brain, particularly in the visual cortex, may account for what abilities?
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eye-hand coordination skills
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The growths spurt that coincides witha child being able to think on an absract level happens at what age? Identify an example.
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11 years of age
ex: understand concepts such as horizon and democracy |
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According to Robert Thatcher, growth spurts in the brain occur how often?
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every 5 years
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Based on brain wave patterns, growth spurts begin where?
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in the left hemisphere
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At age 11 the brain growth spurt that occurs coincides with the child's ability to do what?
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think abstractly
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As EEG patterns in the frontal lobes become more coordinated, the child becomes increasingly able to do what?
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stay focused on a task and ignore irrelevant details
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Howard Gardner's theory emphasizes what?
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that learning opportunities can help children develop intellectual strengths
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According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, the ability to appreciate pitch,rhythm, and aesthetic sounding tones is associated with which intelligence?
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musical
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The ability to detect and respond appropriately to the moods,temperments, motivations and intentions of others depicts which of Gardner's listed intelligences?
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interpersonal
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According to Gardner's theory, the ability to perceive the visual and spatial world accurately, to perform changes on those perceptions and to recreate aspects of visual experiences in the absence of relevant stimuli are all signs of which intelligence?
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spacial
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according to gardners theory, the ability to discriminate complex inner feelings and to use them to guide one's own behavior, and having realistic knowledge of one's own strengths and weaknesses, desires, and intelligences are all signs of which intelligence?
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intrapersonal
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According to Gardners theory, a successful salesperson would posses what?
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interpersonal intelligence
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according to gardners theory, linguistic intelligence involves what?
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sensitivity to the sounds, rhythms, and meanings of words and the different functions of language
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By the age of 12, children have developed what percentage of their potential mobility?
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90%
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Identify major components of motor fitness.
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coordination,balance,speed, agility, power
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Boys and girls appear to be similar in running speed skills until they are what age?
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age 8 onward
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Reaction time in 5 year olds is about twice as long as it is for adults. Why?
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mostly because 5 year olds have brains that are neurologicaly less mature
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If you are measuring the maximum effor a child can expend in a short period of time, what are you assessing?
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power
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Identify important reasons for school age children to develop motor skills.
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they allow the child to enter into peer group projects
practice of such skill contributes to all aspects of the child's total development children also derive many hours of self entertainment through the practice and refinement of motor abilities physical skills carry with them prestige value, which contributes to heightened self image |
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Why is every day motor mobility important?
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if there is a lack of it it may cause children to be excluded from activities and possibly hinder other aspects of their development
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With respect to organized sports, parents and coaches need to teach children to be the MOST important function of sports?
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should be fun
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In comparison to children 8 and under, children between the ages of 9 and 12 spend more of their free time doing what?
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watching tv or playing video games
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Which kind of exercises can make the heart pump more efficiently, and reduce the incidence of high blood pressure?
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cardiovascular endurance
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High blood pressure is commonly thought of as a problem of elderly men. However, high blood pressure is already apparent in about what percentage of children during the middle school years?
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5%
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Which activity can build children's abdominal muscles,increase their lung capacity, and improve their large muscle strength?
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modified sit ups
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What is a disease that has a definite beginning and a definite end called? Identify an example.
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acute illness
ex: cold |
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What is an illness that may persist for many months without the child showing any significant improvement called?Identify and example.
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chronic illness
ex:asthma |
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Identify the leading cause of accidental death in children between the ages of 6 and 12.
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motor vehicles
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How do individuals learn to deal with death?
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through their culture
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The lakota indians have a battle cry that states "its a good day to die" why do they say that?
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because they think death is a natural process and they should live their life to the fullest
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According to Erikson, a child who is grieving over a parent's death and who develops feelings of inferiority would most probably be of what developmental period?
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iferiority vs. industry
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Permanence of death is not understood until children are approx. how old?
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8
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When Michaela's best friend died in a car accident, michaelas mother carefully explained that "eventually everybody dies". If michaela understands and accepts her mothers explaination it means she understands what?
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universality of death
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Byrons dog was killed by a car 10 days ago. byron understands that his dog wont ever come back and he realizes that all living things eventually die.However he is worried that his dog will be cold and lonely in the pet cementary. Based on this information byron does not yet understand what?
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nonfunctionality
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Identify common reactions in a child who is dealing with the death of a loved one.
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loss of appetite and lethargy,dependence,
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Name the eating disorder in which a person intentionally starves himself or herself.
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anorexia nervosa
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What is bulimia?
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a conditioned characterized by alternating between binge eating and purging
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Girls from which ethnic group are least likely to be satisfied with their bodies?
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european americans
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Accordign to Theresa spinellos research 88% of adolescent anorexic or bulimic girls had experienced what?
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a disrupted attachment process between mother and daughter
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what percentage of children who are obese at age seven become obese adults?
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over 40%
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Health professionals often attribute weight problems of African American and Latino girls to what factors?
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gender,ethnicity,and poverty
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What is the weight maintained when no effort is made to gain or lose weight called?
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set point
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Whether one is slim or heavy depends on what factors?
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the amount of physical activity and caloric intake
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Researchers have found that the prevalence of obesity increases by what percentage for each one hour increase in the amount of television that children watch?
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2 percent
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Identify the first step in helping the overweight child.
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medical exam
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Identify a good starting point for a caregiver who is attempting to help an overweight child develop healthier habits.
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monitor tv watching and the types of foods they are eating encourage them to engage in sport activities
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When starting a sedentary child into a sports program, the focus should be on what?
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having fun
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Obese children tend to be emotional eaters. School prevention programs can help these children by doing what?
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help them learn alternate ways to deal with stress
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Stress has 3 components. Identify them.
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reaction to an event then the perception of the event
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When people feel high emotional tension due to an event that is perceived by them as a threat to their existence and well being what are they experiencing?
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stress
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Definte stress.
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a feeling of high tension that children experience when they encounter an event that is perceived by them as a threat to their well-being.
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Studies of the immune system in humans have found that stress has what effect on the immune system.
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it weakens it
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When a child is dealing with two major stressors, the risk of psychological problems is about 5%. When the number of stressors is doubled, what happens to the risk of psychological problems?
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it increases to 20%
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Define the term daily hassles.
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the irritating and frustrating demands that occur on a day to day basis
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What is the result it a stressor continues for a long period of time?
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children are more susceptible to illness
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Identify ways that Hans Selye recommends for coping with stress.
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remove the stressor,refuse to allow neutral situations to become stressors, deal directly with the stress, find ways of relaxing
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Caregivers can teach children to deal more effectively with stress by doing what?
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encouraging them to be adaptable to change
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How do children become better able to cope with stress?
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trying out new situations and experiencing success
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Resilient children display what characteristics?
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positive mood and adaptable to change
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What is a non-resilient child likely to do?
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blame his or herself,take personal responsibility,
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What is a resilient child?
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one who is able to heal from an emotional situation
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A resilient child is likely to deal with not being selected to play a game at recess by saying what to himself?
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"they didn't feel like playing with me"
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almost all resilient children have what to help them deal with the negative things that happen in life?
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hobbies and special interest
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What is one limitation of concrete operational thinking?
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logical thought is tied to the immediate situation
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Concepts like truth,liberty and justice are most easily grasped by whom?
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formal operation thinkers
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Josephine is a concrete operational thinker. Identify one important limitation of her thinking.
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she can only reason about info. she can directly perceive
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Why is the stage of concrete operations said to be concrete?
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b/c children can only perform operations on tangible objects and actual events
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Identify an example of seriation.
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arranging objects according to size
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What did piaget believe was central to development of concrete operations?
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classification
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What is classification? Identify an example.
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organizing and ordering what is immediately present; a skill necessary to concrete operational thinking
ex:putting on tools in one group |
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What is being able to focus and relate several aspects of a problem called?
|
decentration
|
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What is being able to reason simultaneously with the part and the whole called?
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class inclusion ex:a child is given 2 different kinds of flowers and is asked "are there more daffodils or more flowers" the child would say flowers
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identify an example of conservation.
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the beaker problem
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according to piaget what does conservation mean? when is it mastered?
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realizing the quantity stays the same despite its appearance
mastered at 7 or 8 |
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robin is an 8 year old who shows an understanding of seriation,class inclusion, and conservation of number and amount. however he failes to understand other type of conservation problems. what is this pattern of development called?
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horizontal decalage
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the ability to conserve and to classify begin and are refined during which of piagets stages?
|
concrete operational
|
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relate the term horizontal decalage to the learning of complex concepts over time
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concepts are not required in a single step and may show uneven developmental progress
|
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What is the process by which children extract meaningful information from stimuli called?
|
perception
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Ms sanchez places 7 items on a table and asks the students in her class to remember what the items are. she listens carefully and finds that almost all the children in her class use a cumulative rehearsal strategy to help them remember the 7 items. based on this info. you should conclude that the children in ms. S's class are at least how old?
|
10 years old
|
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Creative thinking requires the ability to do what?
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to see and present things in a new light
|
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What is the main objective of convergent thinking?
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trying to find the correct solution to a problem
|
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When is divergent thinking MOST useful?
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when there are several possible solutions
|
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Identify characteristics of a creative child.
|
has the ability to think about something in unusual ways, generate many responses and come up with unique solutions.
|
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A chold who can provide a variety of answers to the question "how many uses can you think of for a dozen eggs" is most likely which type of thinker
|
creative thinkiner
|
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If you think that intelligence is dependent on effort you have which view of intelligence?
|
incremental view
|
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What is suggested by the entity view of intelligence?
|
intelligence is a fixed trait
|
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an entity view of ability is reflected in what belief?
|
the belief that ability is not influenced by much practice
|
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Who is most likely to describe intelligence as a malleable trait?
|
children praised for effort
|
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What is the effect of parental praise for ability?
|
undermines achievement motivation
|
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What is the effect when parents stress to their children that failure has more to do with lack of effort than lack of ability?
|
their motivation levels and academic performance exceed those who associate ability as a stable trait
|
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Identify a comment that would most likely encourage a child to try harder, rather than give up.
|
"You continued to work on this math problem until it was solved; good work"
|
|
Compare control thinkers with an interal and an external locus of control.
|
internal- believe they exercise more control over events and outcomes affecting them (achieve better)
external-believe events in their lives are beyond their control |
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Identify an accurate statement concerning children who fail.
|
goals are either too high or too low
|
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Research has found that hcildren with a learned helplessness orientation tend to attribute their successes to what?
|
luck
|
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What is the most common use of free time for school aged european american boys?
|
playing video games
|
|
Identify one potential benefit of playing video games.
|
may increase hand eye coordination and spatial skills
|
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What is NOT a beneficial side effect of video games?
|
prosocial behaviors may become inhibited in those who play violent video games
|
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What do most researchers believe about computers?
|
promote collaberative learning
|
|
Schools generally train boys for individualtiy and girls for what?
|
socially conforming behavior
|
|
Identify characteristics that teachers cite when describing male students.
|
more honest,more willing to exchange their ideas, more willing to try new things, and in general are easier to talk to
|
|
In schoool how are girls often stereotyped?
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orderly,conforming, and dependent
|
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Who is criticized most by teachers?
|
boys for whom teachers have low expectations
|
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Teachers tend to prefer girls who are what and boy who what?
|
submissive kind of achieving girls and the high achieving outspoken boys
|
|
On te national assessment of educational progress, boys earn higher scores that girls in math and science starting when?
|
4th grade
|
|
What percentage of 21st century jobs require specialized math and technology skills?
|
65%
|
|
Identify an accurate statement concerning girls and math achievement.
|
girls tend to be less successful in math, asian girls perform just as good as boys, girls from egalitarian families do better in math
|
|
What is the most widely accepted explanation for the outstanding intellectual and educational attainments of asian americans.
|
asian cultures tend to encourage and nurture educational achievement more
|
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Identify why asian children tend to do well in school.
|
time spent and effort expended
more eqalitarian educational philosophy more academically demanding classrooms and teachers |
|
how many hours a week do asian parents typically spend helping their child with his or her hw?
|
7 hours
|
|
A number of researchers have investigated the impact of increasing the number of instructional days in the school year. In general, these researchers have found that extended schooling is beneficial for whom?
|
low income children
|
|
How do most ethnic minorities view schools and other institutions?
|
distrust the schools and other institutions
|
|
What is the most common cause of mental retardation?
|
down syndrome
|
|
What is the average IQ range for someone with down syndrome?
|
45-55
|
|
What ist he cause of Down syndrome?
|
an extra chromosome in the 21st pair
|
|
What constitutes a gifted child?
|
those who are in the top 3 to 5% of their class academically and have an IQ of 125 or above
|
|
What percent of children fall into the gifted category?
|
3-5%
|
|
Zachary has dsygraphia. He will have the most difficulty with tasks that involve what?
|
writing
|
|
Identify one of the prominent characteristics of learning disabled children.
|
IQs are in the normal range
|
|
Identify characteristics typically seen in children with learning disabilities.
|
difficuly in organization,unable to pick out significant informaton, have difficulty with concepts of right and left and time relationships, difficultly getting their ideas on paper
|
|
What is hyperactivity?
|
a constant high level of activity in situations where it is is clearly inappropriate coupled with an inability to inhibit activity on demand
|
|
Name the two criteria of ADHD.
|
inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity
|
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What is inattention?
|
not listening
|
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ADHD is caused by what?
|
inherited
|
|
Over the past 10 years what has happened to the percentage of children diagnosed with ADHD?
|
doubled
|
|
Who is most likely to be diagnosed as ADHD?
|
males
|
|
What is the most common behavioral disorder in US children?
|
ADHD
|
|
Each year in the US how many prescriptions were written for Ritalin?
|
9.4 million
|
|
What is the most common treatment for ADHD?
|
ritalin
|
|
currently what is the most effective treatment for ADHD?
|
drugs along with behavior modification
|
|
Identify a good suggestion for helping a child with ADHD.
|
breakdown new learning tasks into simple easy steps
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By what is language development during middle childhood characterized?
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using more gestures and facial expressions
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In middle childhood why do children show a more sophisticated sense of humor?
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they strat to understand abstract and implied congruencies
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At what age do children start laughing?
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4 months
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What do children in middle childhood generally find the funniest?
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incongruity
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What is aggressive humor?
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when sources of frustration become the brunt of many jokes
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What did Freud think about children and humor?
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didn't think they had a sense of humor
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What is the physiological effect of laughter?
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release of endorphins
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