Child Guidance Ch. 7 Parenting Infants And Toddlers

Front 1

Infancy

Back 1

*Birth until age 3
*Lays foundation for subsequent development
*Unique: First time to eat solid food, walk, talk
*Infants are called toddlers after they begin to walk
*time of numerous developmental changes
*crucial period for psychosocial development
*time when socialization first begins

Front 2

Two Major Views of Infancy
(RATIONALISM)

Back 2

1. Psychoanalytical View
2. Developmental View

Front 3

Psychoanalytical View
Erikson

Back 3

EARLY EXPERIENCES DETERMINE personality and functioning (Parent--->Child). Problems a child has can possibly 'fixate' or stagnate the personality in later years.
Parents therefore must 'do the right thing' and parent well--a lot is riding on the early years

Front 4

Developmental View
Piaget

Back 4

The baby initiates and interacts w/environment (interactor). (Parent <---> Child). The infant actively shapes the environment (as do the parents and other influences in the environment) and the infant shapes caretaker/parent behavior.

Front 5

Sensorimotor

Back 5

Birth to 2yrs. Recognizes self as agent of action and begins to act intentionally.

Front 6

Pre-operational

Back 6

2 to 7rs. Language and represents objects by images and words.

Front 7

Infant Communication

Back 7

*Crying=communication
*Different cries have different meanings
*Parents help their child develop TRUST (a la Erikson) through consistently repsonding to the child's needs.

Front 8

Gender Differences (in parents)

Back 8

*Mothers tend to give more physical care
*Fathers tend to give more social attention and play.

*But parenting roles are socially constructed.

Front 9

Attachment
(theorists: Bowlby and Ainsworth)

Back 9

Bonding between parent and child. (psychological bonding)
*Assures survival and well-being
*Child more free to explore; develops mental and social growht.
*Cope better with novel situations, failure, better self-esteem.

Front 10

Four Phases of Attachment

Back 10

1. UNDISCRIMINATING Social Responsiveness (2-3 monts) The infant tracks on people generally (looks, listens)
2. DISCIMINATION in social responsiveness (4-5 monts) Recognizes familia persons; restless when caregiver leaves
3. SEEKING CONTACT WITH FAMILIAR PEOPLE (7 months) Clings; actively seeks familiar person
4. GOAL CORRECTED PARTNERSHIP (1-3 yrs) The child can predict caregiver behavior. Keeps close.

Front 11

4 Attachment Types
(Ainsworth)

Back 11

1. SECURE-->Caregiver will be there when needed (50-70%). Child upset upon separation, happy at return.
2. INSECURE/AVOIDANT-->Infant may react in similar ways around stranges as with caregiver. Infant may ignore parent upon her/his return.
3. INSECURE/RESISTANT-->Caregiver is inconsistent (caregiver may seem habitually preoccupied). Child is unsure whether her needs will be met. (May want contact with parent(s), yet resists contact).
4. DISORGANIZED-->Caregiver frightens/harms child. Child may enter trnce-like states or move away from the parent when distressed.

Front 12

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

Back 12

*Sense of Basic Trust (birth -1.5 yrs) Established through consistent feeding, holding, touch.
*Sense of Autonomy (1.5-3yrs).Established through child's exploration
-Child's job to play, explore, interact
-Dad/Child relationships: Dads help kids' autonomy
-Toilet training: Respecting a child's autonomy, and facilitating success is key.
-The child's exploration can help break a pattern of 'enmeshment' in the parent-child relationship

Front 13

Toys and Play Equipment

Back 13

Benefits:
-cognitive development
-visual &tactile exploration
-curiosity about and mastery of the surroundings.

*when selcting toys: no sharp edges, no small parts, no cords/strings/no loud noises.

Front 14

Goodness of Fit

Back 14

How well the temperament of the baby and the temperament of the parent/family match can influence the nature and quality of the parenting.